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Postado em História Econômica da América Latina (EH451)
A ECONOMIA POLÍTICA DA INDUSTRIALIZAÇÃO.
A ECONOMIA POLÍTICA DA INDUSTRIALIZAÇÃO.
Da Primeira Guerra Mundial à Grande Depressão.
A guerra não produziu uma enorme ruptura na industrialização do AL. Os bens estrangeiros desapareceram do mercado, dando assim à produção interna uma proteção efetiva. LA foi ferida pela guerra em dois sentidos: 1. O financiamento vinha em grande parte do GB e, assim, as entradas de capital secaram. 2. Entradas tornaram-se muito difíceis de obter, e. carvão, produtos químicos, bens de capital e intermediários. Portanto, o crescimento diminuiu durante os anos de guerra, mas não cessou. Por exemplo. A indústria têxtil do Brasil dobrou de tamanho entre 1907-1914 e depois não cresceu em 1921. Houve uma grande contração de novos investimentos. Por exemplo. Argentina - a produção estagnou 1914-18. Apenas as indústrias que dependiam de matérias-primas cultivadas em casa beneficiaram, e. têxteis de lã. O desemprego aumentou nos centros urbanos em 10%. por exemplo. México - crescimento parado devido à falta de matérias-primas, máquinas e peças de reposição. Haber argumenta que isso teria ocorrido apesar da revolução de 1910. Quando a guerra terminou GB não mais o principal consumidor de bens de Los Angeles, nem a fonte de capital, nem máquinas / equipamentos. Em todos os aspectos, a BG foi ultrapassada pelos EUA.
Após a guerra, houve um enorme aumento no investimento industrial, como manufatura, têxteis, bebidas e passou a incluir bens intermediários e de capital também, por exemplo, ferro, aço, chems, tabaco, etc. O crescimento veio de pequenas oficinas que se converteram em fábricas durante a guerra, mas também de multinacionais estabelecendo subsidiárias em Los Angeles, por exemplo. GE, Ford, General Motors etc. Como os investimentos subiram, o mesmo aconteceu com a produção.
A depressão atingiu duramente LA e antes que o pior atingisse os EUA - os preços de exportação estavam caindo há algum tempo. As contrações em larga escala de 31/32 enviaram os preços para o fundo do poço. Por exemplo. A produção mexicana caiu 31% entre 1929 e 1932. As indústrias que tinham visto investimento em grande escala ficaram particularmente magoadas, e. O BAT estava funcionando com apenas 37% da capacidade. As coisas de médio prazo não eram tão ruins - a mudança do padrão-ouro significou uma desvalorização cambial em grande escala em Los Angeles e, assim, os produtos de exportação foram precificados de forma muito competitiva nos mercados mundiais. Houve um rápido crescimento na produção industrial. Em 1939, o setor manufatureiro representava 16,5% do PIB total de Los Angeles. O aumento da produção dos anos 30 foi graças à capacidade que havia sido instalada nas décadas anteriores. Por exemplo. As siderúrgicas brasileiras apresentaram um grande crescimento em 30 anos, mas todas as empresas foram estabelecidas e equipadas nos anos 20. por exemplo. México - os influxos de máquinas de capital foram a metade de seus níveis anteriores e ainda assim a recuperação estava em pleno andamento, indicando que eles já estavam preparados para buscar oportunidades de crescimento nos anos 30. Haber não desconsidera totalmente a ideia de que havia novas firmas no mercado, mas contradiz a tese de que o desenvolvimento industrial de LA pode ser datado dos anos 30. O modelo básico e a capacidade da indústria de LA foram herdados de décadas anteriores. Uma vez que os efeitos da desvalorização cambial foram revertidos (acabando com a proteção de fato), houve pedidos de proteção por meio de tarifas. A proteção tarifária aumentou enormemente nos anos 30. No entanto, eles não foram concebidos como permanentes, e sim como respostas ad hoc a crises de curto prazo. Além do protecionismo, eles faziam muito sentido econômico, já que o colapso das receitas de exportação significava que os governos enfrentavam problemas na BP. A entrada de capital estrangeiro havia parado, de modo que um meio de impedir uma enorme perda cambial e pagar pelas importações era necessário e as tarifas permitiam isso.
Salários reais, desigualdade e globalização na América Latina antes de 1940.
Salários reais, desigualdade e globalização na América Latina antes de 1940.
Em 1914, havia grande quantidade de variação regional nos níveis salariais dentro de Los Angeles. Como e quando essas lacunas apareceram? O século XIX viu uma grande divergência de padrões de vida em todo o centro / periferia. Isso foi causado pela industrialização da Grã-Bretanha e outros países que deixaram muitos países para trás. Antes de 1914, houve um boom da globalização liderado pelo comércio de commodities. Isso levou a uma convergência nos padrões de vida das nações do Atlântico. LA neste período (1820-70) estava em estado de independência e guerra e foi [“décadas perdidas!”], Portanto, um “caso econômico e político”. Muitos países viram um crescimento negativo nesse período. Os países mais pobres estavam ficando mais lentos e os mais ricos estavam crescendo mais rapidamente.
O isolamento econômico explica o subdesenvolvimento (sem litoral, sem acesso às costas, longe das rotas comerciais etc.). Isso explica a história de Los Angeles? Os países andinos, o interior mexicano etc. foram cortados nos dias pré-ferroviários (1870). O isolamento geográfico ajuda a explicar os rankings dos países, ou seja, os mais isolados eram os mais pobres. Muitos outros fatores, porém - escravidão, má sorte nos mercados de commodities, mas ainda é aceito hoje que o fraco desempenho econômico está associado à terra fechada. Os países com rios navegáveis ​​e longas linhas de costa (Arg, Braz, Carib, Central Am) têm um vantagem comercial comparativa, mas pode ter falhado por outras razões. Por volta de 1850, grandes saltos nas capacidades de transporte reduziram drasticamente o custo do frete e começaram a incorporar as economias da América Latina no mercado mundial. (navegue para o vapor). A refrigeração também foi um desenvolvimento radical e introduzido em grande escala na década de 1870. Agora a carne de LA estava sendo exportada em grandes quantidades. O impacto das inovações no transporte foi um boom comercial: em 1912, as exportações representavam 25% do PIB (12% em 1850). No entanto, a globalização que ocorreu no final do século 19 não se deveu a uma adoção da política comercial liberal (as tarifas não caíram de fato). Na verdade, as tarifas foram usadas como uma defesa para a competição, estimuladas por menores custos de transporte. O período foi realmente de recuo do livre comércio, mas isso foi esmagado pelos benefícios do transporte. O boom levou a uma convergência de preços de commodities entre LA e UE nos preços das commodities, por exemplo, trigo (redução da diferença de preço transatlântico de 58 a 18%). A carne foi atrasada devido ao processo de desenvolvimento mais lento para as unidades de refrigeração.
Williamson quer medir o crescimento por salários reais e não pelo PIB, já que os salários oferecem informações distributivas (quando se olha para os trabalhadores urbanos esp) e os padrões de vida são mais capturados pelos salários do que pelo PIB, pois as pessoas realmente ganham salários, não o PIB. Ele olha para os salários não qualificados em LA contra os mesmos na Grã-Bretanha usando a paridade do poder de compra em vez das taxas de câmbio. Na virada do século Arg / Uraguay estão próximos da Grã-Bretanha, do México em 58% e do nordeste do Brasil em meros 5% dos salários auferidos na Grã-Bretanha (eles acabaram de libertar os escravos e as exportações estavam mal). Algum esforço foi feito para comparar essas lacunas regionais com outras áreas do mundo, mas Williamson argumenta que as lacunas eram realmente muito maiores em Los Angeles. O século 20 foi um tempo de convergência de riqueza dentro de Los Angeles. O desfecho entre o mais rico e o mais pobre fechou dramaticamente nos 80 anos da 1ª Guerra Mundial, embora a hierarquia da riqueza permanecesse a mesma (exceto o Brasil) indicando que há uma forte perseverança histórica da “riqueza das nações”. Por exemplo. se Chile, Cuba e Arg forem 100, os números de 1910 para os salários em Braz, Equador e Ven foram 26,3. 33,4 e 34,3% respectivamente. Em 1990, isso era 80,7 53,2 e 127,7%. Há dois períodos principais de convergência: 1910-1930 e 1970-1990. Não há evidência de qualquer convergência real antes da virada do centro. Apesar da convergência interna, houve divergência sem. Até a guerra, apenas a Argentina parecia estar alcançando a Grã-Bretanha em termos de salários reais. Cuba e mex não tiveram desempenho ruim, mas não houve progresso em relação ao nível do Reino Unido. No século XX a lacuna se ampliou significativamente. Por quê?
Salários Reais e Migração.
Imigrantes de Espanha e Portugal eram pobres pelos padrões da UE e foram para Los Angeles para explorar salários relativos mais elevados. As diferenças salariais determinaram a disseminação de imigrantes - ou seja, melhores rendas nas partes mais assustadoras do continente. Como os salários caíram em relação à UE no século 20, a imigração também diminuiu. O fracasso econômico em Portugal e na Espanha criou as migrações em massa.
A relação salário / aluguel caiu drasticamente até a Primeira Guerra Mundial. As exportações de produtos intensivos em terra levam a um aumento no valor da terra, enquanto o aumento das importações de produtos manufaturados intensivos provocou a queda da demanda por mão-de-obra. ou seja, a desigualdade estava em ascensão. Outras explicações são que houve um processo de intensificação da mão de obra com a chegada de imigrantes e esse aumento da oferta suprimiu os preços. Exatamente a tendência oposta estava ocorrendo em Eu. A desigualdade estava caindo. Em LA, o crescimento da taxa salarial estava caindo bem atrás do PIB p. c. crescimento (pré guerra) e o oposto é verdadeiro pós-guerra.
AMÉRICA LATINA E A ECONOMIA INTERNACIONAL 1870-1914.
AMÉRICA LATINA E A ECONOMIA INTERNACIONAL 1870-1914.
Embora este artigo seja repleto de informações, é útil mostrar que as instituições não são a única coisa que vale a pena contabilizar quando se pensa em crescimento em Los Angeles. A estrutura de dependência dos países centrais também é realmente importante, assim como as mudanças tecnológicas.
Mix pós-colonial das relações capitalistas e não capitalistas de produção. Começou a integrar-se na economia mundial exportando lã, minerais e café, mas a facilidade de contrair empréstimos neste período significava que não havia desenvolvimento tecnológico nacional. O pós-independência deixou uma região politicamente instável - golpes de estado etc. e isso levou à ineficiência, indisciplina e corrupção. Os últimos 25 anos da estabilidade do século 19 começaram a ser exibidos. A autoridade governamental aumentou especialmente no Brasil, Chile, Arg e no México - e isso significava que a política poderia ser direcionada para garantir a prosperidade material. Esta estabilidade conduz a um ambiente de investimento mais fiável e, portanto, hospitaleiro para os investidores estrangeiros e para o investimento privado local / acumulação de capital. Os investidores estrangeiros estavam investindo não apenas em negócios, mas também em títulos do governo, para que melhorias substanciais em infraestrutura pudessem ocorrer. O dinheiro foi melhor usado como estabilidade significa menos desperdício e roubo associados à mudança constante de regime. Durante o século XIX, o crescimento do comércio mundial de produtos primários superou o dos bens manufaturados e assim foi até o primeiro trimestre do século XX. Assim, o crescimento visto na América Latina durante este período de “alto capitalismo” foi impulsionado pela industrialização no centro econômico. A dependência dessa demanda impulsionada pelas economias do Norte leva a um crescimento instável devido a choques ou instabilidade política nesses países. No entanto, durante este período, a expansão foi “liderada pelas exportações” e, portanto, induzida pela demanda da demanda nos países industrializados.
A integração na economia mundial mudou o padrão e a geografia da produção em LA, e. Argentina - Lã, couros, carne (com o advento das capacidades de transporte congeladas) e mais significativamente (e recentemente até 1870) trigo e milho. Os pampas e áreas a oeste de BA foram convertidos para a agricultura de cereais, e a produção de lã mudou de pampa para a Patagônia. por exemplo. Chile - Trigo, cobre e nitratos (mais adquiridos após a guerra do Pacífico - um exemplo radical da geografia cambiante da região! [O Chile adquiriu depósitos minerais em terra do Peru e da Bolívia]). O México foi favorecido com boa geografia, ou seja, perto das rotas marítimas para a Europa, mas também da fronteira norte com os EUA - prata, ouro, cobre e sob Diaz, Petroleum (foi a terceira em nações produtoras de gasolina). A diversidade das exportações (borracha, peles, gado, grão-de-bico) significava que havia mais estabilidade no setor externo. Uma vez que as regiões exportadoras não estavam próximas umas das outras, muitas regiões diferentes foram influenciadas pelo florescente comércio internacional. Assim, esperamos ver as economias regionais subnacionais (como as economias de café em torno do Rio no Brasil), mas havia pouco disso e o mexicano médio não era beneficiado pelo crescimento, mesmo se as exportações estivessem vindo de sua localidade. Em outros lugares, um padrão monocultural de desenvolvimento, e. Colômbia 46% das exportações foram café levando a instabilidade básica da economia de exportação.
Grandes mudanças nos hábitos de consumo em todos os países da América Latina. Importa em grande parte da Grã-Bretanha (embora algumas indústrias artesanais nunca tenham desaparecido inteiramente). A industrialização era irregular, mas, no entanto, era o início da era da fábrica, inspirada por uma mudança de gosto que favorecia os bens de fábrica em detrimento dos produtos tradicionais.
Novas características do mercado.
Doubly unido ao mercado mundial: em primeiro lugar, a organização para a expansão das exportações proporcionou uma dinâmica central de alocação de recursos. Foregin, não a demanda doméstica chamou a melodia. Em segundo lugar, as mudanças na demanda interna revelam que o consumo estava fortemente comprometido com a participação no comércio exterior. Nem todos aceitaram o modelo econômico liberal, alguma variação do laissez-faire foi introduzida na região. Toda a inovação de produto teve origem no exterior, de modo que todos os lucros de monopólio foram acumulados para entidades estrangeiras.
A terra era fundamental para a natureza das economias de exportação (os bens exportados eram intensivos em terra) e também condicionava os arranjos sociais e políticos do período.
O grande aumento na oferta de terra necessária para o crescimento das exportações veio de três fontes:
Dotações privadas do domínio público - o café empurrou o gado / agricultura para regiões cada vez mais distantes da região. Enormes quantidades de terra que uma vez pertenceram ao estado caíram em mãos privadas, seja uma família ou empresa (no caso de terras de mineração). Pequenas / médias minas seriam geridas por famílias até que apresentassem atratividade significativa e então seriam compradas por empresas internacionais - “denacionalização” era mais significativo para a mineração do que propriedades rurais (embora plantações de banana da América Central etc.) Conversão de terras detidas por fazendas para uso comercial - acionadas por linhas ferroviárias à medida que se moviam para novas áreas. Terrenos anteriormente não utilizados seriam convertidos para a produção de bens de exportação. Algumas propriedades foram subdivididas, mas outras foram concentradas em unidades de produção maiores. Participações societárias nas áreas mais tradicionais - por exemplo terra da igreja, e. México - a reforma legal de 1850 colocou a terra da igreja nas mãos de proprietários privados. Compra de mercado e apreensão simples foram usados. Em geral, os grandes proprietários de terras tinham a vantagem de conceder concessões para a mineração, etc., àqueles que poderiam influenciar os políticos. Onde os produtos de exportação eram demandados, a demanda por terra subia e os preços empurravam os camponeses, etc., para a periferia mais distante, já que não tinham acesso ao crédito, etc.
ESTRUTURAS, ENDOWMNENTS E INSTITUIÇÕES.
ESTRUTURAS, ENDUNDMENTOS E INSTITUIÇÕES NA HISTÓRIA ECONÔMICA DA AMÉRICA LATINA.
Revista Latino-Americana de Pesquisa, Vol. 40 No. 3 (2005) pg. 126-144.
Esta é uma visão abrangente das teorias de crescimento de longo prazo na América Latina. As partes que são relevantes para mim são as críticas específicas feitas contra a tese de Engerman e Sokoloff e, como tal, este resumo incidirá sobre essas críticas.
A principal conclusão é que, embora houvesse concentração extrema de riqueza e terra em LA, isso não pode ser atribuído a dotações de fatores, pois as desigualdades não surgiram até muito mais tarde do que E & S e por razões muito diferentes, incluindo mudanças tecnológicas, relações norte-sul violência, etc.
Embora dados totalmente confiáveis ​​não estejam disponíveis sobre crescimento e PIB nos primeiros anos do colonialismo, Angus Maddison fornece dados sobre os quais existe muita concordância que indica que as áreas de LA sob controle espanhol / português provavelmente tiveram renda per capita igual à da Europa Ocidental. e pelo menos igual aos dos EUA (na época colônia britânica). Além disso, parece que houve muito pouco crescimento econômico nos 50 anos após 1810 e independência na região. Isso coloca problemas para a tese das instituições: se o crescimento é determinado por cenários institucionais, e o ambiente institucional em Los Angeles é altamente desigual na provisão de acesso à infra-estrutura, educação e governo, prejudicando assim o potencial de crescimento, parece que a convergência dos rendimentos até início do século XVIII seguido de divergência não deveria ser um resultado possível, já que as dotações de fatores eram presumivelmente constantes durante todo esse período. Particularmente problemática é a convergência com os EUA, já que esta colônia do norte é o exemplo da tese de E & S de um bom ambiente institucional.
AJR argumenta que a divergência ocorreu durante o período de industrialização em meados do século XIX até o início do século XX; a era da indústria criou uma vantagem considerável para as sociedades com instituições de propriedade privada, vantagens que muitos países latino-americanos não conseguiram aproveitar. Embora talvez mais coerente diante dos dados, essa interpretação parece encobrir a possibilidade de incapacidade de industrialização e capitalização de novas tecnologias e, portanto, a origem da enorme divergência de crescimento que ocorreu entre a América Latina e os EUA / Europa Ocidental. , pode ter sido de alguma forma relacionado com as décadas de violência e guerra civil que se seguiram à independência no início do século XIX. O período de industrialização coincidiu com as “décadas perdidas” da insurgência (Bates, Coatsworth e Williamson), a instabilidade política e a estagnação econômica na América Latina e isso deixou a região como um “cenário econômico e político” (Williamson). No entanto, as dotações dos fatores foram certamente constantes em toda a independência, incluindo os tipos de solo e clima, assim como a densidade populacional em 1500. Mesmo que esses mecanismos causais sejam mais importantes, operando apenas através das instituições que eles inspiraram, é certamente implausível afirmar que o século XIX não estava ligado às condições que criaram o movimento de independência e à subsequente violência interna (fatores exógenos ao modelo ES e AJR), mas a falhas nas instituições de propriedade privada. Afinal, os agentes econômicos se comportam de maneira diferente quando temem por sua vida, o bem-estar da família e a fonte de vida (Norte, Weignast).
A tese institucional não pode mais explicar a divergência de 1810 do que a retomada do crescimento de 1870 até a Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando LA cresceu mais rápido que a maior parte do mundo industrializado.
Além disso, embora as instituições que governaram LA da colonização fossem muito semelhantes, houve uma divergência selvagem do PIB inicial. De fato, aquelas sociedades que eram mais desiguais parecem ter o maior PIB, e. Cuba. Neste momento, a desigualdade parece estar positivamente correlacionada com o desenvolvimento econômico.
Coatsworth argumenta que a concentração da propriedade da terra foi, na verdade, um fenômeno muito posterior ao sugerido por E & S. Até o final do século XVIII e a chegada das ferrovias e o aumento da capacidade de transporte, grande parte da América Latina não estava acostumada a valores de terra extremamente baixos. Foi apenas uma mudança tecnológica exógena no transporte que trouxe valor à terra.
Além disso, embora a desigualdade sempre tenha sido uma característica da sociedade de LA, foi esse período inicial de globalização que intensificou a desigualdade, e o período subsequente do ISI reforçou isso com o aumento de salários para setores protegidos e empregos públicos, excluindo particularmente o setor agrícola. uma grande proporção da sociedade. Essa desigualdade foi impulsionada por modelos de políticas, dependência externa e ideologia dos tomadores de decisão, e não por dotações de fatores. Assim, pode ser que as instituições sejam importantes para o crescimento (como certamente o são), mas que as causas de longo prazo dessas instituições não são tão dependentes dos determinantes históricos gastos das dotações de fator, quanto dos contextos concorrentes.
COLONIALISMO, DESIGUALDADE E CAMINHOS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE LONGA DURAÇÃO.
COLONIALISMO, DESIGUALDADE E CAMINHOS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE LONGO PRAZO.
S. L. Engerman & amp; K. L Sokoloff.
NBER Working Paper 11057.
[O seguinte é resumido em um ensaio escrito no MT. Não pretende ser um resumo completo, mas sim um auxiliar para redação futura.]
ES sugere que as instituições são um determinante fundamental do crescimento, e a qualidade das instituições na América Latina explica por que as colônias “que foram as escolhas dos primeiros europeus a se instalarem nas Américas, foram aquelas que ficaram para trás” em relação àquelas norte-americanas. colônias dos EUA e do Canadá de hoje. [1] Ao revisar a história dessas colônias, eles afirmam que o fator sistemático que explica a diversidade de qualidade nas instituições em todo o “Novo Mundo” é “extrema desigualdade na distribuição de riqueza, capital humano e influência política” nos primeiros assentamentos. Isso levou ao desenvolvimento de instituições concebidas principalmente pelas elites para assegurar a persistência de tais desigualdades e é essa base institucional pobre que explica o subdesenvolvimento econômico de longo prazo. O grau de desigualdade era determinado pelas “doações de fatores” que os colonos enfrentavam ao chegar no Novo Mundo.
Os solos ricos e climas quentes predominantes em grande parte do Caribe, América Latina, mas particularmente no Brasil, se apoiavam em práticas agrícolas como o cultivo de açúcar, que exibiam grandes economias de escala e eram produzidas de forma mais eficaz em grandes propriedades usando trabalho escravo importado de África. [2] Em outros lugares da América espanhola, onde a terra não era tão fértil, os principais produtos de exportação eram metais extraídos especialmente no México, Bolívia e Peru. Estes territórios foram caracterizados por uma grande população nativa que sobreviveu ao contato com os colonos europeus. A terra era distribuída a uma elite similarmente pequena em quantidades igualmente grandes, e assim os donos da propriedade tinham controle sobre uma grande força de trabalho que, apesar de ter melhor posição social do que os escravos do Brasil, eram coagidos a servir nas minas.
A economia escravista do Brasil e as economias coercivas similares encontradas na América espanhola obviamente implicam que a desigualdade no poder político, no capital humano e na riqueza era extremamente alta. O poder estava concentrado nas mãos de uma pequena elite européia e, particularmente na América espanhola, essa situação era mantida externamente por “políticas restritivas de imigração”. [4]
Por outro lado, o solo e o clima, associados à relativa dispersão da população nativa (e, portanto, à indisponibilidade de trabalho forçado), significavam que as dotações que os colonizadores dos territórios norte-americanos enfrentavam eram “mais hospitaleiras para o cultivo de grãos”. foram produzidos de forma mais eficaz em pequenas explorações agrícolas. A ausência de economias de escala na agricultura significava que a produção se baseava em trabalhadores de ascendência européia, de modo que havia uma drasticamente menor desigualdade de capital humano em relação ao resto do Novo Mundo. Além disso, “grandes latifúndios foram desvendados porque até mesmo homens de meios comuns podiam estabelecer fazendas independentes quando a terra era barata e as economias de escala estavam ausentes”. [5] O que ES mostra é que as doações fatoriais das colônias do norte significam terra, riqueza e política o poder se espalhou de maneira muito mais uniforme sobre uma população européia relativamente homogênea. Em suma, a extrema desigualdade estava ausente.
ES argumenta que essa igualdade nas colônias do Norte colocou em movimento uma trajetória de desenvolvimento institucional voltada para a democracia, o investimento estatal em bens públicos e infraestrutura e a igualdade de oportunidades tanto econômicas quanto políticas. Por outro lado, “onde havia extrema desigualdade, as instituições políticas eram menos democráticas, os investimentos em bens públicos eram muito mais limitados e as instituições que evoluíam tendiam a fornecer um acesso altamente desequilibrado aos direitos de propriedade e oportunidades econômicas”. [6] Nas sociedades altamente desiguais, as elites estavam preocupadas com o fato de que as instituições democráticas colocariam muito poder nas mãos da maioria pobre, que usaria esse poder para redistribuir a terra e corrigir os desequilíbrios da sociedade em relação às oportunidades. Em tais sociedades, os processos antidemocráticos são essenciais para a elite manter sua hegemonia. Por outro lado, nas sociedades em que a riqueza e o capital humano são distribuídos de maneira mais uniforme, a demanda e os méritos (aos olhos daqueles com poder político) de um sistema mais amplamente participativo são maiores porque “as instituições são estabelecidas em uma sociedade que tem algumas relações de poder e deve refletir a distribuição desse poder ”[7]. Além disso, mesmo que as elites das colônias do norte tivessem uma vantagem nas instituições antidemocráticas, elas não poderiam tê-las instituído porque dependiam da atração do trabalho migrante europeu, o que não teria acontecido se as desigualdades políticas e econômicas tivessem sido grandes. Nas colônias espanholas, as elites foram capazes de agir exatamente com essas percepções, ao mesmo tempo em que tentavam restringir a imigração devido à já extensa mão-de-obra barata. [8] Isso explica porque no início do século 20 nenhum dos estados latino-americanos tinha a votação secreta nem "mais do que uma minúscula fração da população votando" [9], enquanto os EUA e o Canadá estenderam a franquia para um número muito maior de votos. até certo ponto, removendo restrições baseadas em riqueza e alfabetização.
Da mesma forma, a provisão de educação por parte do estado em sociedades desiguais é muito menos provável de se desenvolver em sociedades desiguais, pois as pequenas elites são capazes de comandar a educação privada para seus filhos. Existem problemas significativos de ação coletiva associados à provisão de escolas públicas em tais sociedades. As elites minúsculas são a principal fonte de receita tributária (um custo para elas), mas os principais beneficiários dessas provisões de escolaridade são a maioria pobre. Portanto, os benefícios e os custos para a elite são extremamente desalinhados. Em sociedades mais igualitárias, onde uma proporção maior da população compõe a base tributável, esses custos e benefícios são mais iguais em relação ao contribuinte individual, de modo que a provisão de educação pública se torna mais viável. Como acima, a educação também pode ter sido usada para atrair trabalhadores migrantes da Europa. Assim, vemos por que “o restante do hemisfério ficou muito atrás dos Estados Unidos e do Canadá no ensino primário e alfabetização”. [10]
Os dois exemplos acima ilustram o método que o ES emprega. Embora não seja estritamente empírico (não há análise de dados em seu trabalho sobre este tópico), o método é consistente com a busca pela variável instrumental. A tese seria testável sob condições estatísticas e, embora talvez mais histórica na abordagem, ES está tentando mostrar que a causalidade se move das instituições para o crescimento como o instrumento de "dotações fatoriais" através de seu efeito na desigualdade nas economias coloniais no Novo Mundo. variou a qualidade das instituições, mas não pode ser pensado como afetando as atuais trajetórias de crescimento. O método é decididamente econômico em grande estilo.
[1] Colonialismo de Engerman e Sokoloff, Desigualdade e Caminhos de Desenvolvimento a Longo Prazo National Bureau of Economic Research Documento de Trabalho 11057 (2005)
[2] Determinações de fatores de Engerman e Sokoloff, Desigualdade e Caminhos de Desenvolvimento entre as Novas Economias Mundiais National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 9259 (2001)
[6] Colonialismo de Engerman e Sokoloff, Desigualdade e Caminhos de Desenvolvimento a Longo Prazo National Bureau of Economic Research Documento de Trabalho 11057 (2005)
[7] A. Przeworksi Institutions Matter? Governo e Oposição Vol. 49 No. 4 (2004) pp. 527-540.
[8] Coatsworth Structures, Endowments and Institutions in the Economic History of Latin America Latin American Research Review, vol. 40, n ° 3 (2005) pp.126-144.
[9] Colonialismo de Engerman e Sokoloff, Desigualdade e Caminhos de Desenvolvimento a Longo Prazo National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 11057 (2005)

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FALHA NO ESTADO E SUCESSO EM UGANDA E ZIMBABWE.
FALHA NO ESTADO E SUCESSO EM UGANDA E ZIMBABWE: A LÓGICA DA DECAIA POLÍTICA E RECONSTRUÇÃO NA ÁFRICA.
Qual é mais propício para o desenvolvimento, estruturalismo ou liberalismo? A democracia ou o autoritarismo são a chave? Todos devem ter acesso à propriedade ou precisamos de algum “favoritismo”? Este artigo examina os dois exemplos específicos de país de Uganda e Zimbábue e procura as razões para o sucesso e o fracasso nesses estados e conclui que não é importante a teoria do contexto. Em outras palavras, há contextos históricos, econômicos e políticos em que diferentes formas de governo e instituições impulsionarão o crescimento e o desenvolvimento, e à medida que os contextos mudam na história de um estado, a eficácia dessas formas também evoluirá. Isto significa, por exemplo, que o estruturalismo pode funcionar em certos contextos, mas como os fatos no terreno mudam seu potencial para auxiliar o desenvolvimento podem declinar ou mesmo reverter. O artigo enfoca a África em sua abordagem, mas as lições para os pensadores no desenvolvimento parecem ser universais. As três palavras que resumem toda a abordagem são: CONTEXTO É CHAVE.
1960s - Socialismo (estruturalismo) vs. liberalismo. Anos 80 - Quais modelos de mercado? Quais os preços? Anos 90 - que tipos de instituições e governança.
Inicialmente, as políticas de direita se mostraram melhores para o crescimento, mas as crises fiscal e de dívidas nesses países, juntamente com outros problemas, como o emprego limitado, corroeram esses benefícios. Nos países de esquerda, o conflito sobre recursos e controle político leva a uma mudança para o governo autoritário. A erosão nos dois tipos de estado leva à dependência das instituições financeiras internacionais (IFIs), que exigiram ajustes ao longo de linhas liberais. As IFIs proclamaram que a intervenção estatal e a alocação ineficiente foram a causa das crises e implementaram reformas universais baseadas no mercado - The Berg Report (Banco Mundial, 1981). Essas reformas foram aplicadas de forma desigual e produziram resultados desiguais. Na década de 1990, a razão para isso foi pensada para ser a reforma institucional sem brilho que acompanhou as reformas de mercado. Assim, a reforma institucional foi incluída como uma condição de ajuda e. O objetivo era superar a crise aumentando a responsabilidade, reduzindo a corrupção e inspirando a reforma do funcionalismo público. Os resultados foram ruins. As eleições foram manipuladas, a corrupção apareceu arraigada e as políticas populistas aumentaram a tensão étnica. Resultado: muitos estados com falha. “Isso sugere que mudanças formais nos regimes de política econômica ou constituições baseadas na teoria liberal ortodoxa não resolverão a crise africana.” Portanto, precisamos olhar para variáveis ​​políticas / culturais mais localizadas ao implantar instituições como ferramentas para remover elementos institucionais disfuncionais ( incluindo as normas sociais) podem não estar disponíveis ou até mesmo conhecidas pelos planejadores de desenvolvimento.
Tanto a teoria liberal quanto a estruturalista reconhecem a necessidade de um estado forte. Estruturalistas dão um grande poder ao estado para controlar e alocar recursos. This power was used wisely in some states (Europe and East Asia) but in Africa lead to widespread misallocation and inefficiency. Liberals thought this would be solved by a transfer to private hands but didn’t realise that weak states would not be able to manage the transition from pre-capitalist to capitalist society. Now we must therefore examine the political and contextual variables that will allow this transition to occur.
Under capitalist system the state can only exist in as much as private producers exist and are willing to pay taxes and recognise its legitimacy. Additionally there must be impersonal rules, politicians operating under the law, no corruption, and producers that respond to market not government signals “These are demanding conditions that have only recently been met in developed countries where possessive individualism and strong capitalist economies emerged before competitive democracy was introduced. In Africa, however, the attempt to create democratic capitalist states is taking place before most people have adopted the individualistic value systems required by free political and economic markets and where modern capitalist firms hardly exist.” This means the processes adopted will not cause the desired outcomes [changing the rules of the game does not change the players if the players have not internalized those rules].
Africa still depends on patronage (of employers/landlords etc.) and so democratic accountability is hard to find. This means that political and social actors cannot behave as liberal theory predicts as they are in a “dual” system where formal aspects have been transferred from developed countries (i. e. institutions) but these are penetrated by aspects of the indigenous social system (Price is the academic here). So the institutions are at best “hybrids” (Price). The individualistic demands of capitalism are inconsistent with the systems of patronage found in Africa, and that underpins the power of political elites. He calls this “contradictory institutional multiplicity”. Por exemplo. Sudan, Somalia.
This relates to the transfer of assets from one set of owners to another including the granting of licenses. This is a process that all capitalist states have gone through as in order for private firms to finance the state by tax, those firms need to exists. Thus the state had to “manufacture manufacturers” (Marx) to support modern liberal capitalism. These state transfers depended on clientalistic politics. This process is still prevalent in Africa – tribal identities used etc. Democracy cannot exist in such circumstances as access to the state is seen merely as a means of elite enrichment. Donors want to end this, but they can’t until a genuine bourgeois capitalist class has emerged as it did in Europe. Brett calls this process “primitive accumulation”. This is not necessarily a negative point. This process may be “ugly” but it also helps create the necessary conditions for capitalism. But the ultimate success depends on the appropriate means of transition being in place otherwise the system of nepotism continues indefinitely. “Primary accumulation can produce a successful capitalist class that will eventually recognise the need for a strong and honest state.”
He goes on to use the case of Uganda and Zim to make the main point of the article: “ Political and economic relationships in societies characterized by contradictory institutional multiplicity generate political, administrative and economic stresses that interact with each other to produce unanticipated structural changed that can, sometimes, produce progressive as opposed to regressive results as we have seen in Europe and Asia.”
[Rather than go through the rather long histories provided of both Uganda and Zimbabwe I am going to go straight to his conclusions and try to illustrate using snippets of the history. If you want to fully understand his ideas one should grasp the history, but I am coming at it from a more general application to our studies.]
From Colonisation to Independence.
Past regimes have profound implications for the transition paths available to countries when they begin to consolidate their democracies (Linz and Stepan). For example the state that Zim inherited was far more advanced than Uganda, it had a good education system, there was large scale industrial and agricultural productive capacity but it was controlled by Europeans. Both Uganda and Zim had to incorporate their populace into the new state whilst retaining immigrant capital (which was the bulk of available capital). They both used structuralist policies with success, and growth was extensive. But the “ability of each regime to exercise its authority in a responsible, as opposed to predatory, way depended on its political stability”. Thus as the threat to the government increased the well managed structuralist policies dissolved into populist policies. In Uganda this was the “move to the left” in the 60s meaning privatization of financial sector, allocation to elites of farm land (they did not know how to cultivate), price controls, replacement of experienced European civil servants with inexperienced Africans, and a strengthening of patronage politics. In Zim the story was different. The structualist policies were well implemented and much public investment was made. However, by the end of the 80s there was a large deficit and voluntary structural adjustment policies were entered into with the help of the IFIs. The results were mixed (short term): reduced employment and job security, closure of industry. The process also reduced the opportunity to political patronage and as sum consequence, political support for Mugabe waned. Therefore it too introduced populist policies. These were often based on illegal land seizures as well as intimidation of political supporters, a strong re-emergence of patronage politics. This alienated donors, the currency crashed as well as confidence in industry. The threats that caused the implementation of these policies were associated with the need to win elections and therefore we need to “question the simplistic equation of democracy, accountable government and development that dominates current donor thinking”. Brett quotes Kohli in saying authoritarian capitalist states can be “cohesive” and impose progressive but unpopular reforms on the country. Brett (and Kohli) however, both recognise that long term, authoritarian regimes behave worse than democratic ones. [I think the argument is really one of timing i. e. authoritarianism can work at a certain stage of a country’s development (even think about England here), but long term success depends on the apparatus being present to transition from authoritarianism to capitalism. All of this is in the spirit of context is key. ] Ultimately Kohli is quoted as saying “it is also important to distance oneself from the fantasy that all good things can be had together, that democracy, equality, free markets and rapid economic growth can all be achieved simultaneously in the contemporary developing world.” (Kohli)
From Structuralism to Liberalism.
In a similar strand of argument there is a tension between structuralism and liberalism and it is not clear based on a priori theory, which is better for development. The structuralist periods in both countries were ones of successful growth, but the model was not sustainable. The process continues nevertheless as it was thought of as important to “Africanize” the economy. However, long term this discouraged foreign investment, lead to inefficient allocation and clientalistic politics. These failures seem to point to the conclusion that stronger markets would have produced better results. However, the results of the structural adjustment policies in Zim (outlined above) and the resulting chaos from the populist policies thereafter enacted shows the political cost of ignoring the calls for Africanisation. Structuralism had produced reasonable growth but a real focus on pro-poor services. Liberalization eroded this, and also punished the political elite, previously protected in guarded industries. “These costs and their political consequences could have been significantly reduced with greater donor support”. Contrastingly, Uganda had basically lost its ability to deliver any services by the mid-point of Amin’s rule. After years of civil war etc. by the time structural adjustment policies were implemented in the 1990s there was really no one to oppose the plan, no one really stood to lose a large amount [as there was almost nothing to lose]. Here the structural adjustment and aid that came with it generated widespread benefits and consolidated (rather than opposed as in Zim) the legitimacy of the government as exemplified in the NRM victories in the 1996 elections.
SOCIAL CONFLICT AND POPULIST POLICIES IN LATIN AMERICA.
SOCIAL CONFLICT AND POPULIST POLICIES IN LATIN AMERICA.
Although democacy may be a key part of the devlopment porcess, perhaps its benefits are context dependent. For example, when looking at Latin America we see that the extreme inequality in the context of democracy led to economic populism which eventually imploded and hurt the very people it was aiming to help. The following summary is from EH451, but it shows how inequality was a root cause of populism, and it was the political avilability and mobilization of the urban poor that led to the rise of the populists by democratic means.
High income inequality in Latin America causes widespread calls for redistribution via policy that increases the incomes of the worst off, and this leads to over-expansionary policies that pay little heed to inflation and BOP concerns and thus contribute overall to weak economic performance. Thus there is a linkage between social conflict and poor economic performance. Unlike the countries of northern Europe, LA has institutions that cannot properly mediate these social conflicts – bitter economic/distributional conflict is part of everyday life and this is reflected in a battleground type environment for making economic policy, with all the policy instability that implies. These conflicts are evinced in the extreme inequality that pervades the region; it is especially marked when compared with the East Asian countries, and this difference may explain the instability of the former as opposed to the stability of the latter. It also helps to understand why certain economic policy choices are made: austerity provokes unrest and so cannot be chosen even in high inflationary periods; trade policies are inward oriented so as to boost urban wages and to prevent landed elites and commodity exporters gaining excessively; necessary devaluations are delayed as they hurt the wage earning poor the most, and the delay further exacerbates the problem. In other words, because of the societal demands, over-expansionary macro policies are enacted which lead to BOP and inflation crises.
NB: this paper is not anti the motives of the populists (addressing inequality), nor pro the reactive orthodox measures that come after populism derived crisis. If anything it is the swings between these two positions that does the most damage. A middle ground needs to be sought.
Economic Populism and Inequality.
Sachs found a significant correlation between inequality and the need to reschedule debt repayments. Unequal countries are prone to excessive foreign borrowing to redistribute, promote exports (raising urban wages), destabilizing labour militancy, enhancing elite power to evade taxes. LA governments have rapidly increased budget deficits, often through borrowing. Big spend policies are needed to address serious inequalities. Such policies are particularly attractive for governments based on urban and working-class constituencies, such as the populist governments in LA which arose in response to the urbanization that occurred in the 30s and 40s. These governments were particularly sensitive to the needs of gov. employees, urban proles, public sector workers and the informal sector. Politically populism is a multiclass movement based on state activism (Coniff), universal suffrage and charismatic leadership. They were generally distributive rather than redistributive [from a political science point of view one wonders why this form of government would be chosen over and above a purely redistributive government given the nature of poverty and inequality in the region].
A Macro Framework for Populism.
Exchange rate is fixed by central bank using accumulated reserves (in many cases these were surpluses earned during WWII when capital imports virtually suspended from the core). A monetary expansion policy is undertaken (e. g.). Demand expands. As ex-rate is fixed imports and export prices are not changed. This pushes up demand for non-tradable, and in turn for labour leading to higher wages. Price of exports fall relative to non-tradable, and to the extent they are used to produce exports, the profit margins of exports are squeezed (so the policy is in favour of urban workers, and against exporters – and hence why it is so attractive to populist governments). This leads to lessening export production at the same time that demand thus imports are rising leading to a trade deficit. The deficit is financed by exchange reserves or foreign credit. Once these run out the party is over. A BOP crisis hits. There is no capacity to peg the ex-rate, so a real depreciation occurs that lowers wages and restores export profitability and reduces internal demand. The real depreciation may be bigger than the initial appreciation since in the expansion stage, forex is lost and export capacity is less due to de-capitalization. If the process is not reversed states are left with expansionary policy with a floating ex-rate and the result is inflation. Populist govs do not want to reverse the initial gains and may try to put in ex-rate controls, nationalize the banks (Peru 1987, Mex 1982). It is the environment of unresolved social conflict that spurs this kind of populist policy cycle. Such policies would not be possible if the export sector was diversified out of the hands of a small elite, or agricultural holders were many and had political voice. The fact that LA was characterized by oligopoly meant the policies were feasibly enacted by governments with close ties to labour.
Argentina 1946-49, Juan Peron.
Juan Peron replaced landowner focused conservative gov with a nationalist gov focussed on rapid industrialization. As labour secretary he was a big friend to urban labour: collective bargaining, social security, min wage increases etc. Monetary policy and fiscal spending highly expansionary. Ex rate fixed and thus highly overvalued in PP terms. Wages rose due to backing of unions and economic expansion. High protection to build industry. Explicit aim to improve urban wages at expense of agricultural oligopoly. Real wages grew by 52% in three years. Crisis hit when forex ran out.
Chile 1971-73, Salvador Allende.
Similar mould to Peron, but more socialist aims (nationalisation, land reform etc.) 1 st year – fiscal expansion. Deficit grew from 2.7% GNP to 10.7%. Growth was 9% and real wages grew by 17% Crash came in 1972 – inflation reached 163%
Cruzado plan – real wage increases, overvalued currency, large deficit. Early success, as in the above two cases was outstanding. The plan did not last long without strain as external debt was already very high. With a new constitution on the horizon Sarney wanted office for as long as possible and maintained the populist policies even in the face of the cracks beginning to show.
Created their own forex reserves by limiting debt servicing to 10% export values. Ex-rate and price freezes, with increase in public sector wages.
Urban based governments intent on raising the living standards of the urban workers. In Arg, Braz, Peru, all took over after long periods of conservative rule i. e. lots of pent up conflict. All see initial explosion of growth and real wage increases with stable prices followed by late phase of falling GNP, wages and hyperinflation.
The turning point is when governments run out of forex or foreign credit so it cannot maintain the overvalued exchange rate. Peron had wartime reserves. Chile had little reserves. Garcia created his own, and Brazil had none and did not emulate Garcia hence why the Cruzado plan was so short lived.
Many problems in LA are external: IR rises, oil shocks, commodity collapse etc. But fiscal laxity at home is also responsible especially where drastic fiscal expansion was funding growth.
Populist measures follow from several factors: economic conflict, inequality, political instability leading to short tenures and thus horizons, and a deep cleavage in sectoral interests between the urban working classes and the primary commodity exporters.
Why did they choose such risky paths? – hard to say. Popularity? This doesn’t seem too satisfactory.
MARKETS AND STATES IN TROPICAL AFRICA.
MARKETS AND STATES IN TROPICAL AFRICA: THE POLITICAL BASIS OF AGRICULTURAL POLITICS.
Antony Downs’ theory of the median voter suggests that politicians should be sensitive to the policy preferences of the median voter. This suggests that in developing countries the government should be working for the poor given that the likelihood of the median voter being amongst the rural poor is very high. Yet we do not always observe this. If democracy does not help the majority of citizens then this suggests that the power of democracy for good may be less pronounced than Sen etc. believe. Thus we need to know why this phenonemon persists.
One answer is alluded to in the Lake and Baum piece – the costs of participating in the political process may not be distributed evenly throughout the population. This means that it may be far easier for a small group to participate and make demands of the state than for the majority. The small group benefits not only from their status as a privileged group (Olson), but also from cheaper access to government. The more democratic is the democracy, the more evenly spread are the costs of participation, and yet even in advanced democracies some groups have much cheaper access to government (e. g. Rupert Murdoch). Thus in developing countries which are often characterized by strong presidents (Sub Saharan Africa/Latin America), or whose system is characterized as a delegative democracy (O’Donnel), this effect can be many times greater and leave much of the population excluded from the political process.
Another issue may be the development rationale which has emphasized the superiority of industry over agriculture. As agriculture often is the dominant economic activity in the developing world policies that argue for industry at the expense of agriculture implicitly are arguing for a small group of favoured industrialists over the large majority of agricultural workers.
This is a characteristic of the states that Bates examines in this book. They adopted policies in line with developmental economics at the time which argued for a suppression of agricultural commodity production in favour of industry and manufacturing. This was initially effected through the surpluses earned by monopsony marketing boards who bought agricultural goods at a cost below the international price level, exported those goods and used the surplus to fund development projects, meaning investments in industry. These marketing boards eventually became the faithful servants of government that effectively taxed the agricultural poor in order to benefit industrialists. This redistribution of income was partly due to the equation of industry with modernity, and partly for political economy reasons of influential industrial elites seeking to maintain their power and obtaining rents. Another beneficiary is the bureaucracies that administer the system, as they set the prices they could afford to be corrupt and inefficient and simply pass on the cost to the agricultural producers. The bottom line is that governments in Africa were willing to sacrifice the interests of farmers in order to promote the formation of industrial establishments.
Often the redistribution was wasted as investments were made in industries for which there was no comparative advantage, no synergies with local businesses and no native expertise.
Whether the key motive for these policies was developmental thinking or simply elite preference promotion is unimportant. What is important is that the mix of policies chosen for development permitted the entrenchment of hugely powerful private interest and this has been the source of the durability of those policy commitments. The value of the rent (from underpaying then selling at world price) could be appropriated in bribes, or used to win clients by supplying the commodity cheaper than it was otherwise available. Indeed the ability to ration the goods meant that political coalitions could be built in order to sustain the system. This was later seen in import licensing. The protected industries were stuffed full of employee friends of those in power as the noncompetitive rents meant all costs could be passed on whilst clients could be won by the provision of secure employment. In sum, the rents generated by the system of development were both economically valuable to those who could control them, and politically useful to those who could distribute them. A network of self-interest was created.
But why would the rural poor stand for such a system? The answer is that they were politically marginalized. Obvious problems of education, geographic dispersion, large group organizational challenges (Olson) etc. were impediments. But they were also deliberately excluded from politics. Organizations and parties that sought to represent them were banned and prohibited from operating often by coercive means. The governments could also fragment rural opposition by making it the private interest of certain individuals to cooperate in programmes that are harmful to producers as a whole (by distributing certain rents conditional upon support). These benefits could then be used to construct political allies. Another tool was the ability of the government to allocate public spending in order to ensure acquiescence.
Thus there was no sensitivity to the policy preferences of the rural poor. Through violence and coercion organization was prevented. They bought off some members of the producing population and encouraged others by strategically location public works. This is the story of how individuals are marginalized into accepting policies that hurt agricultural producers as a whole.
[Latin America makes an interesting comparison. The ISI policies were targeted at industrialization. This was at the expense of agricultural producers, although that market was characterized by oligarchies rather than independent producers. Thus industrial policy is always pursued at the expense of another sector. However, in LA the median voter was almost certainly an urban dweller. I think there is an interesting point here but I’m not yet sure what it is….]
DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM.
DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM.
This is a very early summary, so is rather less methodical than the others…
Development is the process of expanding real freedoms vs. narrower version e. g. expanding GDP. This perspective bridges the gap between a focus solely on economic wealth and the focus on the lives we can lead. Wealth is not the good we are seeking it is only useful for the sake of something else (Aristotle) it is useful in helping us achieve other freedoms. This may seem like an obvious point but it might be a good place to start the discussion as the repercussions are pretty drastic. Ou seja if we imagine a country where many people are unlimitedly wealthy but prisoners of the state, then what good is their wealth? DAF goes beyond wealth accumulation and growth Development should focus on enhancing lives and freedoms.
Put another way development is the process of reducing “unfreedoms”.
Quem são esses? Lack of opportunities of health care, education, economic participation etc. E. g. liberty denial + lack of civil rights: Whilst some argue in favour of harsher political systems as a means of promoting development, Sen argues that inter country comparisons do not confirm the Lee thesis, Rather econ growth is a matter of friendly econ climate no a harsher political agenda. Famines do not occur in democracies Political freedom is important on its own and does not have to be justified in relation to GDP growth or other variable, such that that question “do political freedoms increase development” becomes non-sensicle as political freedom is a constituent part of development.
There are two main components of freedom.
Processes – institutional and social framework that allows freedom of action/decision Opportunities – the opportunities that actually accrue to people of different parts of society. DAF says both 1 and 2 are important. o Liberals are only concerned with 1 i. e. it is the theoretical framework of freedoms that is important and thus if all the processes of freedom are fair or in place, then it is unimportant if some people are actually denied the opportunities afforded others. Here inequality is a natural component of the market/capitalist system, and it is justified as necessary to maintain the freedoms of market we enjoy. Lord Turner made the point last night in his speech that wealth creation is necessarily unequal due to the fact that absolute wealth is valueless; it is only relative wealth that is important. o Consequentialists including the utilitarians, and presumably Marxist/Socialist thinkers are only concerned with 2 i. e. as long as the outcomes are fair then the processes are unimportant. Sen is as interested in that which makes us different as humans as that which makes us the same and thus any focus solely on outcomes (especially aggregate utility) is against his thought. “Maximizing the sum of utilities is supremely unconcerned with the interpersonal distribution of that sum”. o DAF says both are important and its stance is thus anti liberal and anti-utilitarian His argument seems to pave the way for a strong state and potentially market regulation – a libertarian may stop his enquiry once he learns that the market is free and liberalized whereas DAF looks at the consequences of that market as well and will seek to improve the outcome distribution amongst the population.
Freedom is central to development in two ways:
The success of society is evaluated primarily by the substantive freedoms that society enjoys. Thus distinguished from purely economic determinants of success/ from the utilitarian focus on aggregate mental satisfaction (including vehement rejection of the idea that some poor people take pride in their poverty or hardship and are thus maximizing utility)/ from the liberal preoccupation with progress. Not denying the link between lack of capabilities and low income, but low income can cause poor health/illiteracy and poor health/illiteracy can be a cause of low income. We need to look further than the obvious correlations. Ou seja the role of low income has to be integrated into a broader picture. In this view poverty becomes a deprivation of capabilities not just a wealth index, and thus analysis needs to be tailored. Por exemplo. high unemployment in Europe is missed on income p. c. analysis but captured by DAF. The inequality is not improved by social security transfers as DAF recognizes that employment is something that cannot be made up for by state transfers as employment is empowerment in the home, social inclusion, self-reliance etc. E. g. African Americans much richer that developing world counterparts but have lower life expectancy. This inequality is highlighted by DAF and the causes can be seen to be the social arrangements and community relations as they pertain to AA. Markets: Denials of freedom to transact are an unfreedom as free exchange has value above and beyond the power of the market to produce economic development. This is in no way an argument relating to efficiency . Por exemplo. imagine two countries that achieve the same GDP and efficiency but one is authoritarian. Take one individual that exists in both societies and imagine they have the same job, same pay, same consumption bundles etc. except in the authoritarian country all that is dictated. Are they of equal worth? Sen argues that person would still prefer the scenario of freedom of choice. Therefore markets are no good only for their capacity to generate more efficient outcomes. Do we agree with this? Is it inconceivable that someone would choose a life under the latter regime, let’s assume it is a benign state/dictatorship focused on e. g. equality among communities Syndicalist etc? Por exemplo. freedom to sell one’s labour. Slaves: Life expectancy relatively high + goods consumed were competitive with free labourers yet they ran away and did not return to work post abolition for greater wages. This is because freedom to work is a +ve freedom which is a measure of how well society is doing. FAD sees this freedom as separate from having to show that a free workforce increased agricultural productivity. Por exemplo. Tradition: Some argue that development destroys tradition/culture. If tradition has to be sacrificed it is the individual who must decide not the “guardians of culture”. The people decide which traditions to following and this can include freedom restricting traditions if the people have information about those that do not wish to follow that tradition/access to education etc. They should not choose in ignorance. The burka in France.
“The process of development is the not essentially different form the history of overcoming these unfreedoms.” – there is no precise criterion of development. DAF is not a method for ranking countries absolutely.
DAF is against the idea that democracy, social safety nets etc. are a “luxury” that only developed countries can afford and are thus started as social programs after the process of development has begun. This is because freedom is A. The primary goal of development. This is the constitutive argument i. e. development consists of freedom, and relates to the evaluative reason (above) i. e. how do we know whether or not a country is developed. B. The principal means of development. This is the instrumental argument i. e. freedom brings about development and this is the effectiveness reason. Freedom inspires freedoms, as freedoms interrelate.
Sen focuses on five freedoms;
1. Political freedoms – who governs and under what principles. 2. Economic facilities – opportunities to utilize economic resources 3. Social opportunities – health, education etc. (this aids in participation of 1 and 2) 4. Transparency guarantees – openness, anti-corruption etc. 5. Protective security – social safety nets. These freedoms enhance people’s capabilities and reinforce each other. Por exemplo. econ growth allows increased protective security E. g. education enhances econ growth – human development is not a “luxury”. Por exemplo. China vs. India Social freedoms influenced by social safeguarding of tolerance etc. but also by public support in provision. China: more success in trade liberalization than India. Por quê? Social preparedness.
All three of the above due to state provision, meant that China was better placed to seize the opportunities that market liberalization gave. Thus health and education were related directly to GDP Not all rosy: China had famine due to lack of political freedoms argues Sen. E. g. Life Expectancy Observed to increase with income, but we need to go beyond this as the income effect operate through a) the rise in income specifically of the poor and b) public expenditure on health. Life expectancy and inequality removal can happen in two ways.
Eu. Growth mediated – result of fast and broad economic growth.
ii. Support led – result of state provision of health care education etc.
The support led methods do not wait for growth e. g. has low GNP but high life whereas Gabon has high GNP but low Life (see book).
“The people have to be seen in this perspective as being actually involved – given the opportunity – in shaping their own destiny and not just as passive recipients of the fruits of cunning development programs.”
No longer focused solely on “well-being” of women. Women are seen as agents of change. Agent/Patient distinction nice talking point despite the overlap between welfare and agency. Rather agency creates welfare etc. Limited role of female agency affects the lives of all people. Increased agency in turn removed inequalities that depress well-being e. g. independent income enhances social standing of women and their standing in the household. Outside employment has educational benefits. The income gives more power and thus household agreements can be made that redistribute the common benefits shared in the family.
Perception of contributions plays a part in a family’s benefit distribution.
Independent female agency can correct iniquities vis-a-vis men. Can also reduce child mortality Lower fertility rates Sharing in the family in part based on cultural heritage but also related to the standing of women especially in times of shortage (famine) as they are not seen as contributing financially to the family. Freedom in one area (work) has knock on effects for other freedoms (from hunger, illness, relative deprivation). As it expands vision it can also reduce fertility rates (education is another factor).
When empowered, women can have more influence on family decisions and they naturally tend toward child welfare. However, if saddled with double burden or housework and wage work the effect on mortality can be ambiguous. Literacy however, is statistically significant in reducing infant mortality even when given male reluctance to share the household duties. Labour force and literacy freedom have the effect of reducing gender specific child mortality rates and that rate is unaffected by general development/modernization rates. (Sen: missing women).
High birth rates reduce freedoms not sure all women would agree. Religious duty etc. Educated women less likely to be shackled to continuous child rearing. Wider horizons + family planning etc.
Women have a relative lack of access to economic resources but given the opportunity they are no less successful than men in utilizing opportunities. This generates independent income + social benefits (reduced fertility, mortality). They are a “major influence for social change”. Por exemplo. Bangladesh – BRAC lending to women.
On what grounds do these freedoms rest? Is it obvious that there is something inherent in human beings that means we have a universal right to exchange goods? What does it mean to be free to live to a certain age? And what age should that be? Perhaps we should disregard such problems as ivory tower nonsense. We can all agree that a person should be able to live as long as possible, so who cares on what philosophical basis the notion of a freedom is based? Perhaps the argument would be better couched in terms of abilities? Not a complete theorem. i. e. no concrete mechanisms for change. Not clear that authoritarianism is not conducive to development. Perhaps what really matters in the quality of governance, not the mode of government? What role of the state does Sen’s argument envision, and does a strong perhaps even dictatorial state become a necessary part of his method?
THE INVISIBLE HAND OF DEMOCRACY.
THE INVISIBLE HAND OF DEMOCRACY: POLITICAL CONTROL AND THE PROVISION OF PUBLIC SERVICES.
D. A. Lake & M. A. Baum.
Comparative Political Studies Vol. 34, No. 6, (Aug., 2001)
Democracies provide a higher level of public services when compared with authoritarian regimes. Thus democracy has a profound effect on the daily lives and well-being of people around the world. This is argued theoretically and supported empirically and thus represents a step forward in democratic theory, as the causal link between democracy and growth has been tested many times without a consistent pattern emerging. There is no argument that democracy produces the socially optimal level of public services, only that democracy will produce more.
An Economic Theory of the State.
Traditionally it is assumed that politicians want to maximize their chances of re-election and thus they derive their preferences for policy from the preferences of the electorate. This electoral connection is only half the story. The departure point for this article is that politicians want to maximize the rents earned from using the monopoly power of the state. Whereas the electoral connection cannot apply to authoritarian rules that are insulated from the demands of the citizens (at least up until a revolution is looming), this rent maximizing motive is consistent across democratic and authoritarian rulers. The only distinction is that authoritarians can get more rents as the state monopoly is stronger. States are like firms that produce public goods (to correct market failures) in exchange for revenues from taxes. They are able to do this as they have monopoly power of the use of force. When barriers to exit and costs of participation in government are low, the state will produce as a regulated monopoly, whereas if exit and participation is high they produce as an unregulated monopoly. Clearly more public goods are provided in the former case. In a contestable market where monopolist is constrained by the threat of new entrants, they do not have the same market power. Barriers to exit in democracy is low, the losers go home. In autocracies by contrast the exit could involve execution or exile. Also important are the costs of participation for the citizen, and particularly the median citizen. Societies have different cost distributions, meaning that participation for some citizens is much cheaper than for others. If costs are skewed such that the median voter faces costs significantly higher than the average cost, then only a few citizens will be able to participate. This small group will be better able to organize (Olson) to capture rents from the state (Bates) whether directly, or through lower taxes. The ability of the median voter to punish politicians will be low, whilst the favoured few will argue for increased monopoly power of the state. In democracies the cost of participation is low (a free vote), whereas in autocracies it is high and potentially dangerous to participate. The rent earning may come in the form of corruption (with the problems associated with hiding that corruption – see Shleifer) or budget manipulation. These theories are borne out by the data which suggest that there is a large increase in the provision of public services when countries move from autocracy to democracy.
The recognition of the importance of democracy and an effective state was recognized in the shift of thinking of the development institutions and is characterized in the World Development Report of 1997 from the World Bank. This was the result of the new institutional arguments of North and AJR that began to seep into the development thinking. This article is partially about feedback mechanisms that exist under democracy, and how they can have a positive effect upon conditions in a country. Another example is given by Sen in his essay on famines where he shows that a famine never occurred in a democracy. Famine, he argues, is not about a lack of food, but a lack of entitlements. Democracy allows for feedback to be given to the government through the press and other networks of accountability, and acts as an early warning system when a famine looks set to occur. Additionally, if the state is not responsible to its citizens, meaning it can lose elections, or more generally it has protected monopoly rents, then there is no motive for government to prevent famines.
This article argues that democracy is instrumental to development, but it could also be definitionally part of what it means to develop – see Sen Development as Freedom.]

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Dr. Yogeshwari Phatak has been associated with Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore since November 1, 1994. She took over as Director on November 1, 2008. Prior to which she has served in Nagpur Doordarshan, Admas Advertising Company, Nagpur and Gajra Bevel Gears, Dewas. She has been involved with teaching Financial Services, International Finance and others finance oriented subjects/courses at Postgraduate level to the students of management. She has studied at Bombay and obtained her B Honors from Bombay University. She has done her M. B.A. in Finance from Department of Business Management Nagpur University and her Ph. D. from Institute of Management Studies, DAVV, Indore.
She was nominated by ICICI to attend a 10 days Wealth Management extensive training program organized by ICICI at Pattaya, Thailand. She has attended a number of National and International Conferences where she has presented research papers in the area of Finance and Education. She has supervised a number of research projects and has been awarded the Best Summer Internship Program Co-ordinator by ICFAI, Hyderabad. She has to her credit more than 50 research papers in journals and books. She has edited books in the area of Management and has developed and published a number of casestudies and case monographs. Some of her cases have also been published by European Case Clearing House, Cranfield University, U. K. She has also written and published number of status papers on Indian and world economy. She has served as an Editor for the Prestige Management Journal for a number of years.
She is a recognized Ph. D. guide by Zoroastrian Society, Indore and Devi Ahilya Vishwa Vidhyalaya, Indore and six research scholars have been awarded Ph. D. under her guidance. Her doctoral dissertation has been published by the Journal of Finance India. Dr. Yogeshwari Phatak has been engaged in corporate training and is a recognized AMFI trainer. She has also conducted training programs for executive of J. K. Industries (Tyre and Tube Division) at Kankroli, Indore Management Association, NJ Invest Pvt. Ltd., Surat and Rustom Ji Armed Police Training Academy, Indore Management Association Indore to name a few. She is also a motivational speaker and has conducted workshops on topics like Creative Decision Making, Habits of Successful people, Management by Consciousness, Self Management. She has been Vice President of Western Region at Association of Indian Management Schools (AIMS). She is on the review panel for Pearson Education House and Oxford University press. Besides she has been on editorial board of Journal of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh.
She is member of Rotary Club Indore Uptown. She was on Governing Body member of State Resource Centre for Adult Education Bhartiya Grameen Mahila Sangh, Indore and on the Advisory Board of MPSE Institute of Knowledge Management and AIESEC, Indore. She is also member of Board of Studies of JK Lakshmipat University, Jaipur and is on the Board of Studies of Mumbai University. She is Panel Member of Ph. D evaluation of Jain University, Bangalore; Ganpat University, Ahmedabad;. Bharti Vidya Peeth University, Mumbai; Utkal University, Bhubaneshwar and Sukhadia University, Udaipur. She has been nominated on Asia's Who's Who - Men & Women of Achievement, Rifacimento International Consecutively for last four years.
Dr. Raj Kishore Sharma is a teacher, speaker, advisor, author and researcher. He joined the Institute on July 17, 2008. He has nearly 15 years of Industrial experience and 19 years of teaching experience. He has been awarded a Ph. D. in Economics from the reputed School of Economics, Devi Ahilya Vishwa Vidhyalaya, Indore, and completed his masters in International Business from the same Institute. He has been guiding research scholars, till date four research scholar have been awarded Ph. D. under his able guidance. He has edited 7 research books up till now and his various research publications have been accepted by the SSRN for public viewing creating high level of impact. He has also authored a book titled ‘Company Law, Secretarial Practices’. He has attended a number of national and international conference and presented papers in them besides he has a number of research papers in reputed journals. He has written a number of cases which have been uploaded on European Case Clearing House, Cranjield University, U. K. He is on the board of directors of Flex CG Service Pvt. Ltd.
Professor and Head – Systems and Quantitative Techniques.
Dr. Alok Banal has been associated with Prestige Institute of Management & Research (PIMR), Indore since July, 2005 and presently working as Professor and Head, Systems and QT Department. He has Seventeen years of teaching experience and one year of Industry experience. His areas of interest include Information Systems, IT for Managers, Business Research Methods and Decision Making Skills. He has more than sixty publications to his credit. He is a recognized Ph. D. Guide of Management in Devi Ahilya University, Indore. Six Ph. D. degrees were awarded under his guidance. He has published his research work and case studies at National and International level. He completed the research project entitled Management Research in India and developed a monograph entitled Management Research in India: A Bibliography of Doctoral Topics. He has also published four monographs based on IT namely: Information Technology Security; Artificial Intelligence Applications; Enterprise Applications and Online Applications of Information Technology in the year 2006. He has also edited five books namely ‘Organizational Transformation through Information Technology: Issues and Challenges’; ‘IT Innovation for Organizational Excellence’, ‘Transcending Horizons through Innovative Global Practices’; ‘IT Initiatives for Building Creative Organizations’ and Quality Management Practices for Global Excellence in the year 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2015 respectively. He has organized two national IT conferences in the year 2006 and 2007 and two International Conferences on Management in the years 2009 and 2015. He has received best teacher award of Prestige Institute of Management and research, Indore for the year 2015-16 out of 72 full time teachers. He has also received four best research paper awards. First award along with cash prize of Rs. 20000/-, received in 12 th Nirma University, Ahemdabad, International Conference on Management in the year 2009. Second award received in International Conference on Evidence Based Management, organized by Department of Management, BITS, Pilani on March 20-21, 2015. Third award along with cash prize of Rs. 3000/- received in Second International Conference on 'Innovative Management Practices & Emerging Trends - Envisioning Global Challenges' by Aaltius Institute, Indore on May 01, 2015. Fourth Award in the Faculty Category along with cash prize of Rs. 5000/- received in the Third International Conference on "Ethical & Technological Challenges of Management: A Blueprint for Global Business Excellence" organized by Altius Institute of Universal Studies, Indore on May 7, 2016. Currently, he is President of Indian Society for Technical Education, Indore Chapter. He is also coordinating Deemed University project of the Institute. He has worked as referee in editorial review board of AIMS International Journal of Management and as managing editor of Prestige International Journal of Management and Research. He is a corporate trainer of SPSS, MS Excel, etc. and conducted many training sessions for executives, faculty members, and students.
He joined the Institute on August 08, 2007 as Reader. Currently he is the Head (HR) at the Institute. He is approved Ph. D. guide in Management for DAVV, Indore. Seven research scholars have done Ph. D. under him. He has more than twenty one years of teaching experience and has industrial experience in Personnel Department. He has been awarded “Best Teacher” by PIMR in International Conference held in 2009. His areas of interest include Human Resource Management, Human Resource Development, Industrial Relations and Labour Laws, Organisation Behaviour. He was Organising Secretary for Second International Conference 08 at PIMR. He was Coordinator for National Research Methodology and National Case Writing Workshops at PIMR. He has attended several conferences and his many papers have been published in reputed Journals like VISION, XLRI etc. and Conference books. His manuals on Emotional Intelligence Scale and Organisation Commitment have been published. He has attended FDPs which were sponsored by AICTE, New Delhi. He has conducted Personality Development sessions, Mock Interviews for CAs and Management Students. He has conducted sessions for Platoon Commanders at Rustamji Armed Police Training College, Indore, NGO and various organisations. He is an Editorial member for many reputed journals.
He joined the institute on August 26, 2007. He has blend experience of industry and academic fields. He is having sixteen years of teaching and five years of industrial experience. He extended his marketing consultancy to Ahrihant Hospital Indore and trained SME entrepreneurs at SISI Indore, Communication training at Rustamji Armed force Training College at Indore. He also guided a project to the Nylons Industries Jalgaon (Maharashtra). He is also working as a sales trainer and personality developer. He organized various sales training sessions for pharma and insurance salesman. He has presented various programs on All India Radio, Indore and Bhopal and participated in special Radio – Talks. He has won the National Debate Championship for Vikram University, Ujjain (M. P.). He was also awarded by M. P. Vidhansabha Bhopal (M. P.) Legislative Assembly, Bhopal) in Model Parliament contest (Pratiman Sansad). He has attended Inter-National and National Conferences, seminar, FDP and workshops. He has presented papers in international conference on Management at Montclair state University, New jersey, USA, IMT Dubai (U. A.E.), IIM Ahmedabad, IIM Kozikode and IIM Indore. He has more than 100 research publications in his credit. His Paper also published in “International Journal of Marketing strategy” of Howard University USA. He has edited books titled “Managing in the New World Order-Strategies for Sustainable Business Development” and “ IT Enabled Marketing Practices For Global Business Organizations”. He also Chaired Session in Ineternational Management Conference at MS University, New Jersey (NY) USA. He has also developed case studies in management for MNCs and now included in ECCH (European case clearing House, Sweden) and PIMR case monograph series. Under his supervision Five Research scholars have been awarded Ph. D. from DAVV Indore. He was also invited as Member of National Lokadalat Jury members Council by MP High Court, Indore Bench. He organized International Conference, National conference, National Case Writing Workshops, National Research Methodology workshop, National Advertising workshops National Management Fest and many student development programs like National Summer training Projects contest for B-schools(2010) and National Case Study analysis and presentation contest for B - school(2012). He is also the founder of PIMR Marketing Forum (M - Hi). His area of interest includes consumer behavior, Digital marketing, social Media Marketing, sales and distribution management, Rural Marketing, Advertising and Strategic Brand Management.
He is currently working as Associate Professor with Prestige Institute of Management and Research (PIMR), Indore since July 1, 2008. He has over seventeen years of teaching experience at postgraduate level that include coordinating and handling of various academic and administrative responsibilities including International Conference, Manthan, Research Methodology Workshop, Swavlamban, Examination, Admissions, E-Cell, Shantiniketan to name a few. He is a recognized Ph. D. Supervisor in the Faculty of Management, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore Since 2010. He has presented several research papers in National and International Conferences and published research papers in Proceedings and Journals. He has also developed number of case studies. He has edited book titled “Managing People, Processes and Environment for Global Prosperity”. He has also edited a Case Monograph titled ‘Cases in Management: Indian Experiences’. Currently, he is Managing Editor of Prestige International Journal of Management and Research. He has conducted a different training sessions on ‘Sales Management’ for employees of Indian Postal Department. He also conducted training sessions on ‘Motivation’ for Platoon Commanders of Police Department at Rustamji Armed Police Training College (RAPTC), Indore. He has been member of Indian Society of Training and Development (ISTD) and has served as an Honorary Secretary in Indore Chapter two years. He had been coordinator of ‘Aaghaaz’ Entrepreneurship Development Cell, PIMR in association with NEN for several years. He has also worked with Institute of Business Management and Research, Indore for more than eight years. He has also attended several National and International Conferences, Seminars, Workshops, Faculty Development Programs organized by renowned institutes including IIM Bangalore, IIT Roorkee, MDI Gurgoan, NMIMS Mumbai, International Management Institute (IMI), New Delhi, National Entrepreneurship Network (NEN), Bangalore etc. He has also done Advanced Courses, EEC Course (Entrepreneurship Educators Course) and Foundation Course organized by NEN. His areas of interest include Services Marketing, Marketing Research, Consumer Behavior, Marketing Management, Information Technology, Entrepreneurship and Business Research Methods.
He has joined the institute on 27th July 2006. He has nineteen years of experience including fourteen years of teaching and more than three years of industrial experience. He has fourteen research papers and case-studies in National and International Journals and Magazines to his credit. He has recently submitted his Ph. D. thesis in the area of Micro Organizational Behaviour. Apart from research his interest areas are training, development, creativity and innovation, optimism and spiritual intelligence. He has conducted seventeen training programs for various business houses and companies including Indian blue-chip organisation. He is a life member of Indian Society for Training and Development, New Delhi and National HRD Network, Hyderabad. Since last two years he is a Secretary for the Indore Chapter of National NHRD Network.
He is working on two major projects One ‘Occupational Hazards of Police Organisations’ and ‘Meaning of Work in Indian Heritage’.
Deepak Jaroliya is Associate Professor in the area of Systems. He is associated with Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore since 2004. He has been awarded with Phd. degree by Devi Ahilya Vishwa Vidhylaya, Indore. He has done Master of Computer Applications from D. A.V. V., Indore. Presently, he is on the Editorial Board of Prestige International Journal of Management and Research. Dr. Jaroliya is also a member on the review panel of Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited. He is Secretary cum Treasurer of Indian Society of Technical Education, Indore Chapter. He is life member of National HRD Network. Beside this, Dr. Jaroliya is the coordinator for the Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) of the Institute.
He has published research papers, cases and articles in varied disciplines of management and actively involved in editorial work. He has twenty five publications to his credit. He has edited five books titled “Information and Communication Technologies: Enhancing Business Competencies Through Innovative Practices”; “Value Creation for Competitive Differentiation (Emerging Trends in HRM and Marketing” and “Value Creation for Competitive Differentiation (Emerging Financial and Technological Trends)” in the year 2011 “Managing in the New World Order: Strategies for Sustainable Business Development” in the year 2010 and “IT Enabled Practices and Emerging Management Paradigms” in the year 2008. He has participated in various development workshops organized by top business schools like Indian School of Business (ISB), Hyderabad, Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Indore etc. He has conducted workshops for various organizations like JMC Projects (India) Ltd. He has presented research papers at various national and international conferences held at IIM, Ahmedabad, ISB, Hyderabad; IIT, Bombay; NITIE, Mumbai; IIM, Khozikode; NIRMA University, Ahmedabad etc. His research and teaching area includes e-Banking, e-Business, Research Methods.
Associate Professor: Finance.
Dr. Arora is faculty in finance and accounting area with more than sixteen years of work experience as management educator. Currently she is Associate Professor in Department of Management at Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore. She has also served IIM Indore as academic associate. She has done her doctorate in management and post graduation in finance from Devi Ahilya vishwavidyalaya, Indore. She is UGC-NET (Management) qualified. Her doctoral work was in the area of risk management system in banks. She is recognized Ph. D. guide in faculty of management at DAVV, Indore; ITM Raipur and Pacific University, Udaipur. Her area of interest includes Risk management, Banking and Investment Management. She has more than fifty publications to her credit and her research papers and case studies have been published in journals of international and national repute including the journals listed in Scopus and ADBC Journals list. Some of her cases have also been published online and uploaded on thecasecentre. by the Case Centre, North America, USA. Her doctoral dissertation has been published by the Journal of Finance India. She has also received research awards for her publications from Asia Pacific Journal of Business, Kangwon National University, Korea and best research paper award from SAMVID, The Annual Research Journal of SP Jain Institute of Management and Research, Mumbai. She has edited four research books and was also conference secretary of PIMR tenth and eleventh international conferences in years 2016 and 2017. She was also Managing Editor of Prestige e-journal of Management and Research and is reviewer for various International and National journals like Journal of Management Development (ISSN: 0262-1711); Asia-Pacific Finance and Accounting Review (ISSN: 2278-1838); FIIB Review and Inderscience Journals.
Human Resource Management and Organisational Behaviour.
She joined the Institute on August 01, 1998. She has over thirteen years of teaching experience and more than 18 years of research experience. She has attended several International and National Conferences, Seminars, Research Methodology Workshops, Case Writing Workshops and Faculty Development Programmes. She has also presented number of papers in national and international conferences. She has more than 40 publications to her credit which include research papers, case studies, book reviews, status papers, psychological test material and monograph. Her research papers have been published in several reputed national and international journals and books. She has developed a number of case studies. Some of her cases have also been published by European Case Clearing House and.
PIMR Case Monograph Series. She has developed a psychological test titled Type A/B Behavioural Pattern Scale. She has also published a monograph on Measures of the Samples of Behavior: Compendium of Instruments. She has also written three status papers on “Organizational Excellence through Vibrant HR Practices”,“Effective Talent Management for Organisational Success in a Global Environment” and “Organisational Performance through Strategic HRM”. She has conducted various training programs on Development of Subordinates, Motivation and Personal Management. She was also Associate Editor and Managing Editor of Prestige e-Journal of Management and Research. She has also been appointed member of editorial board of various reputed international e-journals. She is a member of curriculum updation committee and board of studies at PIMR. She is also appointed as recognized Ph. D. supervisor by Devi Ahilya University, Indore,
Pacific University, Udaipur and ITM University, Raipur. She is life member of Indian Society for Training and Development (ISTD), New Delhi. She was elected as vice chairperson of ISTD, Indore chapter for the session 2011-12 and chairperson for the session 2012-2013. She has Coordinated Semester Examination, National Management Fest-Manthan, Case Writing Workshops, Internal Assessment, Attendance, Time Table, National Conference, NAAC Visit, Autonomous Visit, Assessment Centre, Academic Forum and Alumni Meet. She is also Academic Coordinator of PIMR Law Department. Her areas of interest include Research, Organizational Behavior, Motivation and Stress Management.
He joined the institute on August 1, 2014. He has fifteen years of experience in academics and has worked with various institutes of national repute. Before joining PIMR he was working with Symbiosis Institute of Business Management (SIBM) Pune, from August 2011 to July 2014, as Associate Professor. At SIBM Pune he handled various responsibilities including the Faculty In-charge for weekend programs. He has many research papaers in his credit which are published in various national and international jouirnals in cluding the journals of Elsevier. He has also authored many cases which are published in various journals, books and monographs. He was the chairman of research committee at SIBM Pune in 2013-2014 and was the member of editorial committee of the research journal SAMVAD. He was the member of program committee of 2nd and 3rd Annual International Conference on Enterprise Marketing and Globalization (EMG) organized by Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), Singapore . He has also attended various international and national conferences and has presented papaers. He is actively involved in corporate training and is the main trainer for organizations like Cybeage, Bajaj Allianze Life Insurance Corporation, SBI Learning Centre, Employees Provident Fund etc. His areas of interest are Consumer Behaviour, Services Marketing, Branding and Strategic Marketing.
He has reviewed many books, published and presented international and national research papers & case studies, wrote articles in professional journals and edited professional journals. He has successfully guided many Doctoral and PG Research works in the area of business management. He has contributed in developing and delivering programs and courses as Head Academics, Program Chair and member of review committee on several occasions for university and institutes.
He has excellent academic records consisting consistent high scores at all the levels from primary to post graduation. Further He secured All India Rank in CMA final examinations, first rank in Ph. D. Course work of the university and very high score in UGC-NET exam. Besides being life member of alumni association of IIMA, he is a fellow member of the Institute of Cost Accountants of India and an Associate Member of The Institute of Company Secretaries of India. He is also an Authorized Financial Education Resource Person of SEBI. He happens to be faculty in oral coaching classes of CMA as well as resource person at various occasions for Chapters of CMA/CS/CA. He was elected as Chairman of The Institute of Cost Accountants of India – Indore Dewas Chapter for the year 2011-12 & 2012-13 during which received best chapter award. Further, he was nominated as Co-opted member in Editorial Board of Bulletin of Western India Regional Council of The Institute of Cost Accountants of India for the year 2012-13 & 2013-14. He was also nominated as team member for various regional and national cost conferences and conventions and seminars organized by The Institute of Cost Accountants of India. Hence, he is familiar with the statutory professional bodies and their contribution in Industry.
His areas of interest include statutory cost audit & compliances, management assurance audit & internal audit, cost management, management information system w. r.t. ERP / SAP FI-CO, management control systems, direct/indirect taxation, corporate laws & governance, business strategy, personal financial planning, accounting and control.
He is Ph. D. and MBA with 16 years of rich & extensive experience in Education. His area of specialization is international business. He has done his doctoral work on Indo-Australian Bi - lateral trade. His area of interest is international business. He has joined PIMR on 01 February, 2017. Previous to this he has 16 years of teaching experience. He has occupied the position of Director of Medicaps Techno-Management from 2011 till 2014 in which he headed Department of MCA, MBA (Foreign Trade), MBA (MM) and MBA (FT) 60 seats and there after took over as Director of Apex Institute of Management and Research, Indore for two years. He was also elevated as Professor under college code 28 of DAVV University during his services at Medicaps Techno-Management. He was visiting faculty at DAVV University for MBA (Foreign Trade) students in year 2008. He is a member of Board of Studies at Medicaps University. He is a carrier counselor and was in the interview panel of many selection committees. He has remained in the board of various institutions and has guided them in establishment. He has been involved with establishment, exports and international marketing of few export companies. He has conducted training session for employees of export companies. He is a registered Phd guide to three different universities of India - Devi Ahilya University Indore, Punjab Technical University and Dr. K. N.Modi University, Rajasthan in departments of Management, Future studies and commerce. He has eight research scholars registered under him out of whom five research scholars have already been awarded PhD by the university. He has authored more than a dozen research papers in journals of national and international repute. He has worked extensively on almost all regional economic integrations and has presented his research work at various IIMs. He has edited two books “Paradigm Shift and Challenges for Sustainable Global Business”, ISBN: 978-81- 7446-960- 1, and “Global Education System and Changing Social Arena” ISBN: 978-81- 7446-959- 5. He is also appointed as member of editorial board of International Organization of Scientific Research and Development (IOSRD).
Dr. Shubhangi Jore is currently Assistant Professor (SG) in Systems/QT. She he has been associated with Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore since July 14, 2005. She has four and half years of industry experience and more than fourteen years of teaching experience at postgraduate and undergraduate levels that include coordinating and handling of various academic and administrative responsibilities. She has obtained B. Sc. Statistics degree from Holkar College, Indore and has done M. Sc. Statistics from School of Statistics, DAVV Indore. She has done her Ph. D. from School of Future studies and Management (Faculty of Management), DAVV, Indore. Her doctoral work was on Estimating Asymptotic Limit of Consumption and Threshold Level of Income: Micro and Macro Econometric Applications with Futuristic Approach. Some of her work has been published in indexed journals. She has received Best International Refereed Journal Publication Award by Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore in the Ninth PIMR International Conference held on January 30-31, 2015. Her areas of interest include Statistics, Quantitative Techniques and Operations Research. She has thirty publications to her credit. She is a life time member of ISTD Indore Chapter.
She has attended and presented paper in various National and International Conferences including IIM, Indore, MICA, Ahmadabad and Nirma University, Ahmadabad. She has presented research articles in the annual conference of The Indian Economic Association and The Indian Econometric Society. She has also attended various development programs like Case Writing Workshop, Research Methodology Workshop. Five cases developed by her have also been published by European Case Clearing House, The Case Centre Cranfield University, U. K. She has also served on the Editorial Board of Prestige International Journal of Management and Research. She is member of board of curriculum updating committee, quality assurance and board of studies.
Dr. Rupal Chowdhary is currently Assistant Professor (SG) in the area of Economics. She has been associated with the Prestige Institute of Management and Research from more than ten years. She has also served IIM Indore as a trainee Academic Associate. Her areas of interest includes Managerial Economics, Macroeconomics, International Economics, Econometrics and Economic Indicators. She has more than thirty publications to her credit. Some of her work has been published in indexed journals. Her doctoral work was in the area of Macroeconomic Variables and its relationship with Economic Growth in India : A study Since Economic Reforms. She has developed number of case studies and four of the case studies are published with the European Case Clearing House, Cranfield University, UK. She has also written number of status papers on Indian economy. She has attended and presented paper in various National and International Conferences including IIM, Indore, MICA, Ahmedabad and Nirma University, Ahmedabad. She has been Honorary Secretary and life member of Indian Society of Training and Development, Indore Chapter. She has also acted as a reviewer for McMillan publishers for the books in the area of Economics. She has also served on the Editorial Board of Prestige International Journal of Management and Research.
She joined the Institute on July 23, 2005. She has fours years of industry experience in the area of print media and twelve years of teaching experience. Her area of interests includes International Marketing, Advertising, Brand Management and Service Marketing. She has twenty five publications in reputed national and international journals in the area of Advertising, Brand Management and Consumer Behavior to her credit. She has attended and presented papers in various National and International Conferences including Nirma University, Ahmedabad and J K Lakshmipat University, Jaipur. She has also conducted training programs for Class III officers of Indian Postal Department on “Product Selling Techniques”; for Platoon Commanders at Police Training Academy; and for Retail Sales Associate - Level 4 at NSDC. She has organized and attended various faculty development programs such as Case Writing Workshop, Research Methodology Workshop, to name a few. She was on the Editorial Board of Prestige Research Abstracts, an annual Journal of Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore. She has edited a book titled “Mapping Business Excellence through Vision, Values and Vibrant Practices” and has also authored Status Paper “Role of NGOs in Sustainable Development”, which was released during International Conference. She is also working on a Research Project sponsored and funded by ICSSR, Ministry of HRD, New Delhi.
Computer Application, HR and GM.
Suyash Jhawar, Ph. D., MBA (Systems and HR), is presently working as a Senior Faculty in the area of Systems, General Management and Human Resource Management at Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore. He has more than fifty publications to his credit which includes research articles, case studies, book reviews etc. He took training sessions at Rustamji Armed Force Police Training School, Indore; Ministry of MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) Development Institute, Govt. of India; Indian Society for Training and Development (ISTD) Indore chapter and Mahakal Institute of Management, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh on various topics of management and SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Sciences) – A Statistical Tool for Data Analysis. He has conducted twenty days training on “Soft Skills and Product Selling” for executives of postal department of Madhya Pradesh, India. He has conducted various workshops and seminars on ‘Ms-Excel’ and ‘Internet’ for the management students. He has presented several research papers/case studies in National and International conferences across the country. He has been an evaluator of Summer Training Contest organized by AIMS, New Delhi. He is a life member of National HRD Network, New Delhi. He has been invited as guest and jury member by the various professional associations and institutions of India during various occasions. His research area is Training Effectiveness and teaching areas are E-Business, Computer Applications, Computer Networks, International HRM, Training & Development and General Management. His special achievements and interest are in dramatics and singing and he also took part in many stage performances for singing and acting. He has been coordinating SPIC-MACAY (Society for Promoting Indian Classical Music and Culture among Youth) since long for promoting Indian music and culture for students.
She joined the Institute on October 25, 1996 as Academic In-charge and as Lecturer on January 1, 2005 after completing Master of Computer Application. She has been awarded Ph. D. from DAVV, Indore in the areas of Management entitled A Study of Innovative Business Potential of Internet Services in Rural and Urban Areas. She has more than nine years of teaching experience at postgraduate and undergraduate levels. She has coordinating and handling of various administrative responsibilities apart from academic activities. Her areas of interest include Information Technology, Computer Architecture, Computer Applications, E-commerce, DBMS, Computer Network, Artificial Intelligence and MIS. She has seventeen national and international publications to her credit and presented twelve papers in national and international conferences. She has attended a number of national and international conferences, case writing workshops, research methodology workshops, seminars, conventions and faculty development programs like Refresher Course, workshops conducted by IIT, Bomaby. She has also conducted training program. She has also been appointed as a paper setter and practical examiner by Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore. The Institute has awarded her for continuous services as member of the PIMR Fraternity and valued association of 10 years with the Institute. She is a Life Member of the ISTE, New Delhi and Member, Executive Council, ISTE, Indore Chapter from the years 2005.
She joined the institute on July 4, 2006. She is having more than twelve years of academic and research experience along with year of corporate experience. She has more than Twenty Five publications to her credit and has taken part in various National and International conferences, workshops, seminars and faculty development programs. She is Asset Qualified Professional Programmer ( AQPP). She has successfully coordinated various National and International level Institute developmental activities for the Institute. She has presented research papers at various national and international conferences. She has conducted training sessions for Platoon Commanders at Rustamji Armed Force Police Training School, Indore and Postal Department, Government of India. She has also co-authored a book on Business Communication, edited one International Conference book titled Business Innovations and Entrepreneurship: Transforming World Economy(2010) and two Monographs titled Contemporary Cases in Management (2008) and Business Renaissance: Innovative Architecture for Tomorrow (2009). She has also complied one status paper on Managing Environmental Changes for Global Prosperity. She was also in the editorial board of Prestige International Journal of Management and Research and Prestige Research Abstracts.
Her teaching areas include Project Management, Financial Derivatives, Financial Modeling Using Excel, Financial Services, Entrepreneurship, Business Communication and Strategic Management. Her training interests include Project Management, Advanced Modeling in Excel, Personality Development, Business Communication, Entrepreneurship, Stress Management and Motivation.
She has joined the institute on 1st July 2008 as Assistant Professor in the area of Information Technology / Systems. She has been awarded as “Best Teacher” by PIMR Indore in 2009. She is M. Sc. Computer Science and pursuing Ph. D. em Ciência da Computação. She is having Thirteen years teaching experience at Postgraduate and Undergraduate levels in various renowned universities and institutions like IGNOU, BHOJ, SIMS, ICEPS etc. for the teaching purpose of various courses like M. C.M., M. C. A., M. B. A., B. B.A. & amp; B. C.A. Her area of interests are VB, DDIS, FTIS, DBMS, COBOL, DCO, CA, DS, Unix, C, C++, ITF, Corel Draw, Software Engineering, Assembly language, Networking, Information System, Operating System, Computer Programming etc. She had also developed software’s for C. A.T. (Center for advanced Technology, Now Known as Raja Ramanna Center for Advanced Technology, Indore) as a part of project work at postgraduate level. She is having Fifteen Publications in her account and had attended many National and International conferences, seminars, workshops, Faculty Development Programs organized by various institutes from time to time.
Dr. Kalpana Agrawal possesses thirteen years of experience in academics and research in the domain of HR and OB, Marketing, Foreign Trade and one year industry experience as Assistant Merchandiser with Prathibha Syntex, Pithampur. She was awarded her Ph. D in HR and OB in the year 2010 and has sixty publications in National Refreed and International journals with good impact factor. She has been a keen reader and agile researcher. She has extreme flair for innovation. She had got best published paper award by IJTD in the year 2009 and II best Ph. D award in the year 2012.She is in the process of further expediting the research work. Her current research includes Green HRM, HR Analytics, Virtual HRM, Trend of absenteeism, smart city, GST, FDI in Automobile, Nestle’s Maggi after Crisis to name a few. She developed a syllabus of global HRM for teaching. She held various academic positions in Premier management schools. She is also corporate trainer, conducted training sessions on “How to handle boss”, “Interpersonal relations”, “Work culture and self discipline”.She presented her research work in various IIMs and in different countires like Dubai, Colombo, Malaysia. She is also Ph. D guide. She is on editorial board of many National and International Journals. She is austerely involved in the process of students’ overall and career development and current knowledge updation. She is socially conscious and incessantly espoused to the cause of promoting and providing impetus to humanity.
Assistant Professor : Marketing.
He joined the institute on July 8th, 2008 as Assistant Professor (Marketing Department). Prior to academics he has 14 years of extensive corporate world experience in sales, marketing and training. He was working with a fortune 500 listed pharmaceutical company and a leading multinational insurance company. He participated in couple of national, international conferences, seminars, workshops, faculty development programs conducted by eminent management institutes. Few research papers in national and international journals are part of his publication credit. He participated in a Management Development Program conducted by Indian Institute of Management-Ahmedabad. Presently Dr. Manish Joshi is Founder Faculty Convener - PIMR UG Indore Management Association Student Chapter. His areas of interest include training, sales, marketing and corporate relations. He has experience in Corporate Training on topics like Soft Skills, Personality Development, Attitude Building, Personal Branding, Insurance, Consumer Behavior, etc. He is life member Indian Society for Training and Development. He is a proud alumnus of pioneer batch of Prestige Institute of Management and Research (MBA-Part Time 1994). Dr. Joshi has been conferred Best Teacher Award by Prestige Institute of Management and Research. He is devotee of International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON).
Dr. Sukhjeet Kaur Matharu has been associated with Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore since July 1, 2008 and is presently working as Assistant Professor (Finance). She has studied at Mumbai and has done her graduation in Commerce from Mumbai University, M. Phil from D. A.V. V., Indore, MBA (Finance) from Pondicherry University and her Ph. D from, D. A.V. V Indore. She is a recognized supervisor for Ph. D at Pacific University, Udaipur. She is Editorial Board Member, Blue Ocean International Journal (BORJ - Journals) and International Scientific Academy of Engineering and Technology, Scientific Technical Committee and Editorial Board on Arts, Management and Social Sciences. She has been conferred upon PIMR Best Faculty Award in the year 2011 and 2017. She has Sixteen years of academic experience. She has attended a number of National and International Conferences where she has presented research papers in her area of specialization. She has attended professional development programs like research methodology workshops, case writing workshops, seminars, and faculty development programs. She has to her credit more than fifteen research publications in National and International Journals. She has coordinated various academic activities including Research Methodology Workshops, Major Research Projects, Internal Assessment, and Semester Examination. Her areas of interest include Accounting, Finance and Entrepreneurship.
M., MA (Economics, English, Hindi)
He joined the Institute on 16 th July 2008. He has more than twenty Eight years of experience including twenty Six years of teaching and two years of industrial experience. He has 20 publications to his credit including One Book Management and Communication Skills.(2015). International Society for Green, Sustainable Engineering and Management, Government of West Bengal, India ISBN: 978-81- 930406-0- 7, 25 international and national research papers, case study and book reviews, abstracts and articles. He had his PhD in Entrepreneurship. His area of interest is Training, Personality Development, Tourism, Entrepreneurship, Organisational Behaviour, Consumer Behaviour, Business Ethics, Culture, Finance, Economics, Spiritual Management and Linguistics. He is a recognized faculty of Entrepreneurship of NSTEDB (National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board) Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi. He is avisiting faculty of MPCON Ltd. (Madhya Pradesh Consultancy Organisation) Bhopal, CEDMAP. He is a Faculty of Happiness Programme and YES+ Course of WAYE (World Alliance for Youth Empowerment) an alliance of United Nation Organisation and International Art of Living Foundation, India. He is a Yog expert and imparted training to corporate, Govt. executives and students. He is a Life Member of International Youth Hostels Association of India and worked as Camp Leader in Various National Adventure and Trekking Expeditions. He is counselor for various psychological and social mental Problems of students. He bestows Blessing to the people. He has organised Youth Empowerment Workshops for the youth of Institute and Indore District. He is associated with environmental protection, Yoga and Value education system and literary activities.
She is an Assistant Professor associated with Prestige Institute of Management Research, Indore since 2008. Dr. Raksha Thakur has done her Doctorate in the area of International Trade from School of Economics, D. A.V. V., Indore. Her Ph. D. topic was studying effect of Price Dumping on Indian economy with special reference to dumping from China. She has pursued MDP from IIM, Indore related to International Marketing, specifically on winning customers and markets internationally. She has industry experience and a wide academic experience of teaching at post graduate and undergraduate levels. She has multiple publications to her credit in the form of conference papers and management case studies. She has presented research papers in various national and international conferences. She holds a white and a yellow belt in Six Sigma quality management. She is a member of Madhya Pradesh Economic Association (MPEA). She has coordinated various institute building activities like syllabus development, student placements, extra mural lectures, major research projects and summer internships. She has also organized foreign edutainment tours and port visits to various countries like Hong Kong, Singapore, Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Europe.
He is currently Assistant Professor (Senior Grade) in the area of International Business. He is also currently Professional Director of HF Trading Private Limited, now a 500 Million Indian Rupee turnover startup which is also a Government of India recognised status house exporter. Between the Year 2013 till June 2014 he was in the capacity of General Manager at Prestige Feed Mills Limited, the flagship company of the Prestige Group of Industries, heading the West Asian Exports. Between July 2014 till June 2016 he was CEO at Pro-Agricom Trade FZC, UAE. In May 2013 he received the priced invitation of the Eurasian University, A Government of Kazakistan University to be Speaker at the Astana Economic Forum a joint program of the IMF. The same year he conducted Summer School programs at the Eurasian National University and the Academy of Finance, Ministry of Finance, Government of Kazakistan. He is actively involved in providing the Prestige Group of Industries day to day strategic consultancy in the area of Forex & Custom Compliance, Policy based incentive acquisition, and marketing in the Arabian and Persian Gulf Countries. He has 08 Years of Industrial Experience and 06 Years of teaching Experience. Ele é Ph. D. from coveted Banasthali Vidhyapeeth, Rajasthan a MHRD and NAAC Grade ‘A’ University on the topic, “An Empirical Study on Promotional Mix Strategies Adopted by Selected Soybean Processing Companies”. He is a M and a MBA specialising in Foreign Trade. He is author to One Book titled, "Company Law and Secretarial Practices", published in the year 2011 and has Edited on research book titled, "Gravity" comprising of research papers prepared by Under Graduate Students of the Institute. He has been active in research work and has published 20 research papers in national and international Journals and Books. He has presented his research in various International conferences held abroad in UAE, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Germany. He is life member of AIB (Association of International Business) Michigan, USA. Other than Journals and Books, he has written many articles for popular magazines like Business Today, Indore Manager Etc. His area of interest includes Promotional Strategies, International Market Selection and Product selection, Trade Financing and Market Research.
Dr. Punit Kumar Dwivedi is academically associated as Faculty in Accounting and Finance Area in PIMR Indore. He is the coordinator of PIMR Entreprneurship Cell Aaghaaz. He is a PhD Guide (Registered) at FMS-Pacific University, Udaipur, Rajasthan and ICFAI Jharkhand. He was also an Expert Committee Member of WCAER – World Center for Academic Excellence and Research. He is Associate Editor of Asia Pacific Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research (APJMER), Editorial Board Member of International Journal of Financial Management (IJFM), Advisory & Review Board Member of PES Business Review, Bengaluru, India, Editorial Member of International Journal of Marketing and Business Communication (IJMBC),CLEAR - International Journal of Research in Commerce and Management n(IJRCM),AE International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (AE-IJMR), Blue Ocean International Journal (BORJ - Journals), India. He is also in Book Review Board of two edited books entitled Rural Management in Post-Reform Era and Rural Development in Post - Colonial Era. Dr. Dwivedi is Honble General Secretary of Society for Advancement of Villagers Education and Rural Assistance (Savera NGO). He is the Chapter Head (Indore) of Management Teachers Consortium-Global (MTC-G). He has ‘N’ number of National and International publications in refereed journals and books having ISSN and ISBN. He is also Visiting Faculty at RICM (Regional Institute of Cooperative Management, Gandhinagar) Attended 20+ Faculty Development Workshops including workshops at ISB Hyderabad and AIMA, New Delhi. He has Coordinated (as Secretary/Convener/Chief-Coordinator - FDP) a series of FDPs on “Recent Trends in Teaching Pedagogies and Research Methodology". Dr. Dwivedi is also Faculty Trainer of National Entrepreneurship Network (NEN). Attended MDP "Train the Trainer's Program" at KLMDC IIM-Ahmedabad. He has also Participated and Presented Research Papers in 10 International Conferences and 18+ National Conferences. He has also invited as Chair-Person for different Technical-Sessions specialized with Entrepreneurship, Finance, Agri - Marketing and Corporate Governance in various International and National Conference. Recently, He has coordinated “Largest Backwards Walk” “Guinness World Records-2014 under the flagship of Aaghaaz Entrepreneurship Cell PIMR. He is honorable Advisory Board Member of Indian Railways Indore Junction, Ratlam Division, National Conference and Workshop organized by MHRD-UGC at SBS Govt. College, Rudrapur. He is Board of Study member of Office Automation Course of Dibrugarh University, Assam. He has authored and edited a book on “ Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Entrepreneurship” He is the Brand Ambassador (Academics) of Indore Smart City Project and Swachh Indore Mission of Indore Municipal Corporation. Dr. Dwivedi has been awarded twice by the Honorable Governor of U. P for his Innovative approaches in the field of Entrepreneurship and Skill Development.
MBA (Finance) – 5 yrs integrated.
Master of Financial Analyst (MFA)
Analista Financeiro Chartered (CFA)
Registered Financial Resource Person - SEBI.
Asst. Professor – Finance.
Academic Experience – More than 6 years.
He has more than 6 years of academic experience and presently associated with Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore as Assistant Professor in the area of finance. He is pursuing Ph. D. (Management) on the topic “A Study of Investment Behaviour of Investors in India” from Devi Ahilya Vishwa Vidhayala, Indore. His area of expertise is Investment Management, Security Analysis and Financial Markets. He is also empanelled as financial resource person by Security Exchange Baord of India to conduct workshops in Madhya Pradesh to create financial Literacy among investors. He has high level of initiative towards research oriented activities as well as extra-curricular areas, developing student centered, congenial learning techniques. He has attended various National and International Conferences and published papers for the same. He has attended various FDPs, Case Writing Workshops, and Research Methodology Workshops. As a coordinator he represented various students’ activities at National level events like Manthan (Annual Cultural Fest), Pragya (National Summer Internship Report Presentation Contest), Prayas (National Major Research Project Contest), Shantiniketan (A learning cum excursion tour), Coordinated Educational Visit to RBI, SEBI and NSE with students. He is an MBA graduate with Finance specialization from International Institute of Professional Studies (IIPS), DAVV Indore, Master of Financial Analyst (MFA) from ICFAI University, Hyderabad and awarded with Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA). He has also done various certifications from NCFM conducted by NSE.
She has joined the institute on 12th Dec., 2012. An Economic graduate from Mumbai University, she has varied exposure of five years in industry & four years in teaching. She started her career with multinational companies and also developed software for All India Radio (AIR) but her love for teaching brought her to the Academics. Her area of interest is HR, business communication and English. Her expertise lies in preparing students for their job interviews and self grooming. She has attended many workshops and seminars and also presented papers in national and international conferences.
He is working as an Assistant Professor in Prestige Institute of Management and Research. Acquired degree of M. Phil in Management from DAVV University, MBA from Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar (Punjab). He has done Post Graduation Program in Management from IILM Institute of higher education, New Delhi and Graduated in Computer Application from Barkatullah University, Bhopal (M. P), Having 3 years of Industrial, and 4 years of higher teaching experience. He has attended various National & International Conferences and workshops on various disciplines of Management. He has 10 publications to his credit. His areas of interest are Business Statistics, Quantitative Techniques, Production & Operations Management, Operations Research and Marketing Research. He is having Certificate of Appreciation from Educational Assessment Australia in coordinating, “The International Assessments for Mathematics in Indian Schools.” In addition to this he has successfully coordinated many academic activities like Coordinator of Discipline Committee, Summer Training program, Industry Visit and Port Visit for the students. Based on his keen interest and active participation in teaching and social work, he has been elected as President for Madhya Pradesh unit of “Nachiketa, Centre for Development of Human Potential” (NGO).
He has been associated with Prestige Institute of Management & Research, Indore since December, 2012 and is presently working as Assistant Professor. He did his masters in Personnel Administration from DAVV, Indore and bachelor in Computer Sciences and Engineering from RGPV, Bhopal. He has two and half years of teaching experience and more than one year of industrial experience. His interests are in the area of management competency development, HR issues in managing organisational change, human resource management and development. His other core competencies lies in areas of Corporate IT strategy, MIS design frameworks, IT for development and Decision Support Systems. He has attended multifarious conferences and workshops. He takes immense pride in serving his alma mater Prestige Institute of Management of which he is a proud alumnus.
She has joined the institute on 1st April 2010.Prior to academics she has 01 year extensive corporate experience in Public Relations & Events. She started her career with INOX Multiplex after which he joined academics. She has worked with Vaishnav Management College. Presently she is a co-ordinator for event management Programme. Her areas of interest are Marketing Management, Advertising, Events and Public Relations.
She joined the Institute on Dec 19, 2011. She has submitted her Ph. D. Thesis is Jan 2012 in the area of marketing from JNIBM, Vikram University, Ujjain. She has done her MBA in 2005, M. Sc (Maths) in 1999 and B. Sc in 1997 from Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore. She has twelve years of teaching experience at postgraduate and undergraduate levels that include coordinating and handling of various academic and administrative responsibilities. She has served in M. B.Khalsa College, Indore for seven years, One year for IMR, Nashik, two years for PITM, Indore, About one year for PIPS, Indore. She has been empanelled as paper setter and examiner by Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, Pioneer Institute of Professional Studies, Indore. She has presented research papers in National / International Conferences and published research papers in Proceedings and Journals. He has also attended several National / International Conferences, Seminars, Workshops, organized by various institutes including MTMI, Canada, MTMI, IMS Indore, MITS, Indore, PIPS, Indore, Her areas of interest include product and Brand Management, Product Management and strategies, Marketing Management Advertising, Brand Management and Service Marketing and also Higher maths papers, Calculus, Differential Equations, Business, Statistics Research Methodology, QT, OR, All, Complex analysis and all UG mathematics papers. She has nine publications in the area of marketing and general management to her credit. She was HOD in PITM , Indore and cultural head in every college from last 10 years, she was counseling head in M. B. Khalsa college in year 2003-07, and PITM 2008-10, Program coordinator in PIPS, Indore, for the year 2010-11 and also Coordinator of Major Research Projects of PG students, Joint Sectary in national Conference PIPS, Indore.
He joined the Institute on November 21, 2011 as Assistant Professor. Currently he is the coordinator of Mass Communication Program. He has five years of teaching experience. He has industrial experience in news channel, magazine and newspaper. He also worked as Public Relation Officer with IIM Indore. His areas of interest include development communication, reporting and editing. He was coordinator of publicity for International Conference - 2012 at PIMR. He has attended conferences, seminars and his many papers have been published in reputed Journals.
She joined the institute on July 12, 2010. She has done M. Sc(Mathematics) from Holkar Science College, D. A.V. V., Indore. She has seven years of teaching experience in academics. She has been distinction holder throughout the academics. She has various publications to her credit and has attended a number of conferences, seminars and workshops organized by various institutes and organizations. Her areas of interest are Differential Equations , Calculus , Discrete Mathematics and Statistics.
Prof. Shailendra Gangrade is currently Assistant Professor in the area of Finance joined the Institute on November 19, 2012. He is Pursuing Ph. D. in the area of Banking and Finance from DAVV, Indore. He has Done MBA with the specialisation Finance in 1996, from IMS, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya Indore. He has Seven Years of industrial experience and fourteen years teaching experience at postgraduate levels, that include coordinating and handling various academic and administrative responsibilities including conduction of University Exam also. He has also worked as Area Manager in with DKT International and as a Business Manager with Vidhut Metallic’s India Limited also. In the area of academics he has served as faculty finance with Institute of Management Studies-DAVV, Medi-Caps Institute of Technology and Management Indore, Truba College of Engineering and Technology, Indore, LNCT-MER Indore and RKDF Institute of Management Bhopal also. He has been empanelled as Examiner and Paper Setter by Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore and Institute of Management Studies (IMS) DAVV Indore. He has more than ten publications to his credit and his research articles have been published in Journals of International and National repute. He has attended many National and International Conferences where he has presented research papers in the area of Finance and Banking. He has also attained several Seminars, Workshops and FDPs organised by various institutes including PIMR Indore. He has in his credit more than 8 research Papers in National and International Journals and Books. He has been involved with teaching Financial Management, Financial Services, Financial Markets and Institutions, Security Analysis & Portfolio Management, Banking Services and Management, Accounting for Managers and other finance oriented subjects/courses at postgraduate level to the students of management.
M. Phil (Commerce),
M. (Accounting & Taxation)
UGC - NET Qualified (Commerce)
Assistant Professor: Accounting and Finance.
Mr. Sunil Kumar Verma is faculty in Accounting and Finance area with more than Sixteen year of work experience including fifteen years of teaching of postgraduate and undergraduate Students and one year of industrial experience. He is Assistant Professor in Department of Management at Prestige Institute of Management and Research Indore. He has been associated with Prestige Institute of Management and Research, (PIMR) Indore since 1 st of December 2012. He is also served Shree Gujarati Samaj Institution and other educational institution in Indore. He has done M. Phill in Commerce, M. with pecializations in Accounting and Taxation, M. B.A. with Specialization in Finance and Marketing. and M. A. Economics from Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya Indore, he is UGC-NET (Commerce) qualified. Currently he is pursuing PhD. in Commerce from Vikarma University, Ujjain. His area of interest includes Financial Accounting, Financial Management, Management Accounting, Direct Taxation, Indirect Taxation, Financial Services, Project Management etc. he has more than ten publications to his credit and his research articles and case studies have been published in journals of international and national repute. He has attended several national and International level Conferences, workshops, seminars and faculty development Program and presented paper in various national and international conferences including Jamanlal Bajaj Institute of Management studies, Department of Management, University of Mumbai, Twenty one day refresher course (RC) organized by HRD-UGC, DAVV Indore and various workshop sponsored by UGC. He has also conducted training session in the area of Accounting, Fundamental Analysis of Companies, and Accounting Software, and E-filing of taxation. He is also coordinator of various academic and administrative responsibilities. He is Program officer of National Service Scheme (NSS) PIMR UNIT.
Mr. Arun Saxena is currently Assistant Professor in the area of Human Resource Management and Organisation Behaviour. He has more than six years of academic experience in different management colleges such as Shri Vaishnav Institute of Management, Indore, Medicaps Institute of Management, Indore and Chameli Devi School of Management , Indore. His area of interest includes HRM, Business and Labour Laws, Social and Industrial Psychology and HRD Audit. He has attended and published papers in various conferences and seminars in the field of management and law. He edified with number of case studies in subjects of management and law. He has attended Faculty Development Program on Research Methodology and Current Practices in HRM. He has also conducted sessions on Personality Development and Impression Management.
Dr. Ravi Changle (B. Sc., M. B.A., Ph. D.) is currently an Assistant Professor in the area of Finance at Prestige institute of Management & Research, Indore. He has accomplished his Doctoral Program on the topic “A Study Measuring Risk of Public and Private Sector Banks Using GARCH Model” from Banasthali University and pursued MBA in Finance from IBS, Mumbai. He has worked as the Vice President of “Swastika Investmart Ltd.” He has also served IIM - Indore as an Academic Associate. Meanwhile he had been fulfilling the responsibilities of Research, Mentoring, Evaluation and Teaching as a faculty and gained experience of over 6 years. His area of teaching and Research interest includes Risk Management, Econometric Modeling and Testing, Marketing Research, Corporate Finance, Security Analysis & Portfolio management, Financial Engineering, & Investment Banking. He had presented and published papers in various National and International Conferences on several topics viz. Volatility Forecasting Using GARCH Models, GDP Forecasting Using ARIMA Model, Factor Analysis for Entrepreneur ability of Engineers and Managers, Impact of Dividend Announcements on Shareholder’s Wealth to name a few. He had also published a Case Study of NICT, developed cases on Gatiman Auto Ltd., IIFL Ltd., Crescent Water Parks, Indo-Fills Ltd., etc. and conducted various Student and Faculty Development Workshops on Business Intelligence and Data Analysis using Computer Applications in Mumbai and Indore. He has delivered hands on training on Research Methodology and SPSS to over 200 PhD (Management) Scholars of Devi Ahilya University for the fulfillment of the requirements of the Doctoral Program’s Research Corsework-2014. He has also conducted MDPs and FDPs on Business Intelligence and Research Methodology at Mumbai and Indore. His area of consulting and training include Risk Modeling and Management, Financial modeling using Excel, Research Intelligence using SPSS, E-views, SAS and STATA. Currently he is working on the book entitled “Corporate Governance and Risk Management”.
Key Functional Areas for Training, Research and Consulting: Enterprise and Financial Risk Management, Financial Modeling, Business Intelligence & Data Analytics using SAS, SPSS, E-Views and STATA, Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management.
Phd(Management), MBA(Honors), MCM(Honors), M. Assistant Professor.
Dr Bharti Malukani has joined Prestige Institute Of Management Research on July 15, 2014. She has 10 years of academic experience and 6 months of industrial experience. Before joining PIMR, She has served LNCT Indore, Proton Business School, APS University, Rewa and BMM College , Bhilai. She has taught diverse set of subjects like Marketing, Service Marketing, Marketing Research, Research Methodology, IT, Ecommerce, Social Media, General Management, Business Communication etc. She has many research papers in his credit which are published in various national and international journals. She is the recipient of Best Research paper in National Seminar 2008 organized at SSIMT, Bhilai. She has authored a ISBN book “IT Fundamental and E Business”. She has worked as Editor in PIMR yearly magazine “ Pratishtha 2016”. She has also worked as Associate Editor in “ LNCT college yearly magazine Synergy 2010” and Editor in, Prabhandan & Taqniki (Vol 4th,5th & 6th, ISSN journal ), and worked as a Reviewer of IT track in International Conference Transilience 2012 held at Shri Shankracharya Institute of Technology and Management Bhilai and has also published 3 web publication. She has developed Psychological Tool ‘Scale Of Virtual Communities (VC) For Business Development’ (SVCBD-KBCS), 2013-2014. Published under MANASVI: National Psychological Corporation. She was appointed as a external examiner in University and Various institute. She has awarded for Best Faculty in Lakshmi Narain College of Technology - MER in 2012-13 and She acted as a resource person in various seminar of ICSI Indore.
BE (Electronics and Communication) )
Mr. Jitendra Patel has joined the institute on 1st July 2014 as an Assistant Professor. He is a Management Graduate with Masters Degree in Marketing. He is also pursuing PhD in Management. He has qualified the National Eligibility Test (NET) in Management stream in 2012. He has done bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication from Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal. Before joining Prestige Institute of Management & Research, Indore, he had taught at various reputed management institutions in Indore and Bhopal. His areas of interest include Marketing Management, Service Marketing, Strategic Management, E Marketing, Entrepreneurship and Production and Operation Management. He has around 3 years of extensive and excellent experience in Academics and 2 year of extensive experience in banking and insurance Industry. He has awarded with faculty of the month and most dynamic entry award in his previous Institute. He was trainer and course designer in Sales Associate training organized by National Skill Development Organization. He has got 2 publications in reputed National Journal, 1 Publication in International Journal and 2 publications in conference proceedings. He has attended various management conferences, workshops and faculty development programs and also acted as resource person in some workshops.
CA. (Dr.) Sachchidanand Pachori is academically associated as Faculty in Accounting and Finance area in Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore. He has Eighteen years of experience comprising of academic, professional and industrial experience. He has presented a number of research papers in various National and International conferences and has attended various Faculty Development Programs, National Case Symposiums and Research Methodology workshops. He has twelve research papers and two case studies to his credit. He has received 2nd Best Research Paper Award at International Conference at SIMS, Indore. His areas of expertise are Financial Management, Financial Account, Income Tax, Project Management, Cost Accounting and Operation Research.
Assistant Professor - Marketing.
Mr. Ravi Kumar is having more than 6 years experience in Advertising and Marketing, he is an MBA with dual majors in Marketing and Production Management. Currently he is pursuing his Ph. D. from Devi Ahilya University in the field of Management. He was previously associated with Srijan Advertising as a Senior Copywriter and Visualizer, where he worked on brands such as Maruti Suzuki, Free Press, Omaxe Developers and Tata Motors. Mr. Kumar has also been associated with advertising agencies such as Purple Focus and Addiction Brand Positioning in various profiles. He has won numerous national and international creative advertising contests.
Mr. Kumar has published numerous research papers in prominent journals and presented his work in various national and international conferences. His prime area of research is advertising, focusing on interactive versus traditional advertising effectiveness. His work on ethical advertising is also appreciated by the industry. He is also actively involved in his secondary majors - Operations and Production Management, having published research papers in Journal of Supply Chain and other prominent journals.
His areas of interest are Advertising, Digital Marketing, Creative Writing, Sales Promotion, Public Relations, Customer Relationship Management, Corporate Communications and Core Marketing.
Mr. Arnav Chowdhury has joined the institute on 1st July 2014 as an Assistant Professor. He is a Management Graduate with Masters Degree in System and Marketing also pursuing PhD in Management. He has qualified the National Eligibility Test (NET) in Management stream in 2012. Prior to this he has graduated in Computer Applications from Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University, Bhopal. Before joining Prestige Institute of Management & Research, Indore, he had taught at various management institutions in Indore. His areas of interest include Information Technology, Systems, Marketing, E - Business, Operating Systems and Computer Applications. He was the Member - Editorial Team SVIM e-journal. He has around 3 years of extensive and excellent experience in Academics. Apart from this he has published one research paper in national and one research paper in international conferences and has attended various conferences, seminars and workshops.
She has been associated with PIMR since April,2009, as the Placement Officer. She is MBA(HR) and comes with a rich work experience of more than 17 years, both in India and abroad, withorganizations like Swissair, Emirates and Welingkar Instituteof Management and Research.
He has a total work experience of 10 years and has worked with brands like Eli Lilly and Co., ICICI Prudential, HDFC Standard Life. He has been serving the industry as a corporate trainer since last 4 years and currently associated with Prestige Institute of Management & Research, Indore as Assistant Placement Officer. He has been conducting training programs successfully for industries like automobile, pharmaceuticals, textile, infrastructure, agriculture, leather, information technology, finance, manpower solutions and some PSUs on subjects like Interpersonal skills, selling skills, team building skills and various other managerial skills. His areas of expertise include subjects like Marketing Management, Sales and Distribution Management, Organizational Behaviour and Business Communication. His training and teaching methodology includes designing and developing customized training modules as per the training needs of the participants and ensuring the desired learning through case studies, role plays, activities games and discussions. His training style has been widely appreciated by majority of his clients which include organizations like, Volvo Eicher Commercial Ltd., Tata Steel, Avtec Ltd., NHDC Ltd.,NHPC Ltd., DCM Shriram Ltd. and many more.
Assistant Professor: Systems/Information Technology.
She joined the institute in July 2014 as an Assistant Professor in the area of Systems/Information Technology. She has obtained a graduation degree in Computer Application from MLSU, Udaipur(Raj) and completed her post-graduation (M. Sc., Computer Science) from SCSIT, DAVV Indore(M. P.) and carried forward her academics with completion of another post-graduation (M. Tech.,Computer Science) from very well renowned university BanasthaliVidyapith(Raj).She has been a distinction holder throughout her academics. She has 3.5 years teaching experience and 1 Year experience of Research & Desenvolvimento. She has technical expertise in Microsoft Office, Shell Programming and specializations in Computer Networking and Software Engineering. Her areas of interest are Fundamentals of IT, Unix/Linux Administration, and Management Information System etc. She acquired ISO 9001:2008 certificate in C, C++, Data Structures, DBMS, Visual Basics 6.0, and Java. She was selected for Board of Research in Fusion Science & Technology (BRFST) Internship program in the year 2012.She has worked as a project trainee in Department of Atomic Energy at Raja Ramanna Center for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore. She has also completed “off campus outreach certificate programme which is a basic training program of “Remote Sensing, Geographical Information System and Global Positioning System” by IIRS(Indian Institute of Remote Sensing),Dehradun. She delivered Lectures as an expert of Computer Application for PhD course work and master degree program’s at Devi Ahilya University, Indore. She attended a winter school on “Data Analytics” which was conducted by IMPECS, Germany & SCSIT, DAVV, Indore. She also attended a QIP & FDP’s which was conducted by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur. She also completedtwo STTP Programs, which is conducted by IIT Mumbai & IIT Kharagpur. She has attended many national &international workshops& Conferências She has guided 10 B. Tech. Projetos. She is actively working in the field of human values. She is a member of IACSIT (International Association of Computer Science & Information Technology) and IAENG (International Association of Engineers).
BBA, MBA (Marketing with HR)
Assistant Professor – M. B.A. Department.
He has joined Prestige Institute of Management and Research in July 2014. As far as his work experience of 7.5 years is concerned it’s a blend of both academics as well as industry. He is an university topper MBA 2009 Batch, completed his masters from Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyala, Indore. He has started his career from the field of Training and Placements in Shri Vaishnav Institute of Management, Indore and also worked as Head - Dept. of Marketing thereof. He has an experience of two years in the manufacturing industry and served as member of core management team of the same. Parallel to the industrial job he has given his consultancy services to one of the leading Interior Designing firm in the town and also as a one of the editorial member of a publication house. Before joining PIMR he has served Swami Vivekanand College of Engineering as Asst. Prof. – MBA Dept.
He has contributed in various fields during his academic tenure like being officiating T&P officer, Editor - SVG chronicle (A Bi-monthly magazine) and in-charge career fairs. His core area of excellence is in organizing various kinds of academic and non-academic events. His area of interest are Marketing Management, Digital Marketing, Event Management, Entrepreneurship, Organizational Behavior, International Marketing and Consumer Behavior. He is also honored and holding office as President – VOSA (Vidya Sagar School Old Student Association). Currently he is in-charge Social Media Promotion of the institute, coordinator – (SOCH) E cell, Faculty in-charge Foreign Trip and an active member of admission committee of PIMR.
She joined the institute in July 2014. She is Ph D in Statistics, M. Sc (Stats) & MBA in Operations. She has 7.5 years of experience in academics. Earlier she had worked with ICFAI, Raipur and Sanghvi Institute of Management & Science Indore. She has attended several national and international conferences and presented the papers. She has many national and international publications to her credit. She has also attended FDP on Operations Management organized by IIM Banglore & a month long training programme conducted by ICFAI Hyderabad. Her areas of interest are Statistics, Operations Management, Operations Research etc.
M. (Management) M. Com. (Accountancy)
Net Qualified in Management and Commerce.
Assistant Professor: Finance.
He joined the Institute on September 1, 2015. He is Assistant Professor in the area of Finance in the Department of Finance in Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore, Madhya Pradesh. He has nearly 20 years of Industrial experience and teaching experience. He has worked under Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) during April 2002 to March 2006.He is having vast experience in the area of Finance .
She joined the Prestige Institute of Management and Research on July 7, 2008. She has four years of teaching experience. She has been awarded “Best Teacher” by PIMR in International Conference held in 2012. Prior to academics she has six months of industry experience. She started her career with the insurance industry. In her tenure at PIMR she has attended various national and international conferences as well as Faculty Development Programs and Workshops on case writing, research methodology, entrepreneurship etc. and has nine publications to her credit. She has also been the coordinator of Manthan 2010, the popular management fest of PIMR. Her areas of interest are Marketing Management, Advertising, Marketing Strategies, Business Environment and Entrepreneurship.
He is a passionate academician, perfect blend of science and management, a motivator and a philanthropist with positive frame of mind. He has vast experience of teaching and administration in the field of academics. He has done his Masters degree in Organic Chemistry, MBA in Systems and Finance, Master of Philosophy in Business Administration, PGDHRM and currently pursuing his Ph. D. in Information Security. He has published several research papers in National and International Journals of repute. He has also attended many National and International conferences and workshops in India. He has travelled across India for promotion and branding.
Assistant Professor – Finance, Accounting & Tributação.
Dr. Atul Vora joined Prestige Institute of Management & Research (PIMR) on October 1, 2015. He possesses more than twenty two years of experience in academicsat postgraduate & graduate levels; and had worked in corporate at managerial capacity in the area of accounting and taxation for more than five years. He did graduation, post-graduation and Ph. D. from DAVV, Indore and also qualified MP-SLET (equivalent to NET).
Before joining PIMR, he had served in reputed institutions of Indore like Gujarati Commerce College, Renaissance College of Commerce & Management, Sanghvi Institute of Management & Science etc.. His area of interest includes accounting, financial management, direct taxes, indirect taxes, security analysis, financial derivatives, company law, and business law. He is also recognized Ph. D. guide for Pacific University, Rajasthan. He has been awarded with ‘PRESIDENT’S SCOUT’ in the year 1983 by the President of India, ShriGianiZail Singh.
He also possesses practical knowledge in the field of accounting, audit and taxation as hehad undergone CA article ship and worked as a Chief Accountant in the corporate. He is also a certified trainer of accounting software TALLY. Over the years, he has developed an innovative approach to teaching and conducting research with the simulation games. He has presented research papers in National / International Conferences and published research papers in journals of national & international repute. He has also attended several Seminars, Workshops, and Faculty Development Programs. He also co-authored a book on Security Analysis & Portfolio Management.
Ph. D (Pursuing), Master of Management Science.
Assistant Professor: Marketing.
Joined the Institute on October 15, 2016. He has three years of industry experience in the area of international remittance, mutual funds and stock broking and 6 years of teaching experience. His areas of interest include Marketing Audit, Sales and Distribution Management, Consumer Behavior and Service Marketing. He has a number of research paper publications in National and International Journal in the area of Marketing Audit to his credit with citations in research papers from Slovakia, Bangladesh, Georgia, Nigeria, Malaysia, Amman, Romania, Orenburg (Russia), Chile to name a few. He has attended and presented papers in various National and International Conferences. He has attended various development programs such as Case Writing Workshop, Research Methodology Workshop to name a few.
Assistant Professor Mass Communication.
She has joined Prestige Institute of Management and Research on 11 July 2016. Prior to this she has worked as a freelance journalist for newspapers like Jansatta, Sahara samay, Nai Dunia. Worked in Radio Dhamaal of BAG Films Pvt. Ltd. as Executive producer and Radio Jockey for 2 years, associated with MY FM of Dainik Bhaskar Group as a RJ for 3 years in Indore and Bhopal. Worked as an announcer in Gyanwani Indore for 1 year, was radio programming consultant and programming head of Radio Rangila Raipur of Raneka Fincom Pvt. Ltd., professional voice over artist for several years. Attended summer program of Philips Exeter Academy, NH, USA two times, organized signature campaign against big dams in India there and send a copy of that signature campaign to PMO India and Green Peace environment organization. She has written many articles on Media Literacy and her area of interest include - Media theories, Print journalism, Changing trend in media, Development Journalism, Interpersonal and group communication, Non-verbal and behavioral communication and International communication. She has presented paper in 11 th International conference of PIMR “Developing skills and competencies for global competitiveness” topic of the paper was “An Empirical Study on Media Exposure Instigating Women Empowerment by Attainment of Self Actualization Using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Model.”

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